The Architectural History of the Conventual Buildings the Monastery of Christ Church in Canterbury

Archoliogia (gantiana. THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE CONVENT1JAJ4 BUILDINGS OF THE MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBUItY, Considered in relation to the Monastic Life and Rules, and drawn fror n surveys BY THE REV. ROBERT WILLIS, M . A . , F.R.S., ETC. ETC., JILOXSONIAN PROFESSOR O F T H E UNIVERSITY O F CAMBRIDGE. IN Archmological Association Canterbury 1844, had the pleasure of reading the actual buildings the Cathedral, which was volume year. I then undertook the investigation o f the conventual was so completed 1847 was enabled to communicate the results, in the form a lecture the Archmological Institute, at their monthly meeting on the 5th of March of that year, of report be fourth Archological Journal, p. I t afterwards read the Society Antiquaries. B u t avocations distracting my attention from the subject, I was for many years unable to find leisure prepare memoir for press. VII. ~rthreologia . 1298.) T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE Dormitory does indeed extend to the Green Court; but the windows are placed so high above its floor that no person within i t could see what was passing in that court. From the Dormitory eastward, the Necessarium of the monastery, with the Prior's gate-tower, Study, and Gloriet, extend 174 feet i n length, so as to mask altogether the Infirmary cloister. T h e gatetower provides the only direct access t o this cloister from the Green Court, and, with the exception of the gatehouse, is the only the monastic group which has a window directly looking into that court, evidently provided to enable the Prior to observe it at his pleasure, as his duty was. T h e high wall and Another high wall appears to have connected the Lardergate with the west tower of the Necessarium. I t appears thus that the seclusion from the world of monastic life was complete. The monks within and the persons in the court without other. The Hospitate buildings of a monastery were erected parts convent ground, to the profession or quality of the guests. For example, the plan of the monastery of St. Gall' shews three hospitia—one for the reception of distinguished guests, another for poor travellers and pilgrims, and a third for monks visiting the monastery. The first and second are placed to the right and left common the monastery, being on the same side of the church as the Abbot's house, and latter on the cloister side next to the farm buildings. T h e stranger monks are lodged against the side aile of the church near the Abbot. Each of the two Hospitia assigned to the two classes 1 Vide my description of it, 'Archreological Journal,' June, 1848, vol. v. 14 THE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE Dormitory does indeed extend to the Green Court ; but · the windows are placed so high above its floor that no person within it could see what was passing in that coul't. From the Dormitory eastward, the Necessarium of the monastery, with the Prier's gate-tower, Study, and Gloriet, extend 17 4 feet in length, so as to mask altogether the Infirmary cloister. The gatetower provides the only dhect access to this cloister from the Green Court, and, with the exception of the Pentise gatehouse, is the only building of the monastic group which has a window directly looking into that court, evidently provided to enable the Prior to observe it at his pleasure, as his duty was. The high wall and gates complete the south boundary of the court eastward. Another high wall appears to have connected the Lal'del'gate with the west tower of the Necessarium. It appears thus that the seclusion from the world of the edifices devoted to the monastic life was complete. The monks within and the persons in the court without were alike unable to observe each othel'. The Hospitate buildings of a monastery were erected in different parts of the convent ground, according to the profession or quality of the guests. For example, the plan of the monastery of St. Gall 1 shews three hospitia-one for the reception of distinguished guests, another for poor travellers and pilg1·ims, and a third for monks visiting the monastery. The ffrst and second are placed to the right and left of the common entrance to the monastery, the former being on the sall)e side of the church as the Abbot's house, and latter on the cloister side next to the farm buildings. The stranger monks are lodged against the side aile of the chtuch neat the Abbot. Each of the two Hospitia assigned to the two classes 1 Jlule my description of it, 'Archreologicnl J ou1•nn,l,' J une, 184.8, vol. v. p. 85. OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 5 of the laity is a complete residence, suited to the habits of each, the first with a dining-hall, bedrooms, each containing several beds; also stables and servants' rooms, building bakehouse, brewhouse, The each end, rooms for servants who waited on the pilgrims. also provided, a cellarium, a bakehouse, and brewhouse. The stranger monks were qualified to eat in. the refectory with the brethren; they are only provided with a sitting-room and a dormitory. . T h e Hospitate buildings are represented at Canterbury in the Norman drawing, in the first place, by the Camera Vetus and Camera Prioris on the east and south of the monastic group. These, which were apparently devoted to the reception of the most distinguished guests, who were assigned to the Prior, were their ancient sites, and extending along I n the separated from the Prior's group by the intervention of the mass we kitchen and butteries, employed for the reception of the guests under his especial charge, and approached by an especial gatehouse. Lastly, i n the north-west corner termed Aula purpose has exactly other examples, the Hospitium o f the paupers and lower class of pilgrims. Almonry-yard, where the broken meat and other MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 15 of the laity is a complete residence, suited to the habits of each, the first with a dining-hall, bedrooms, each containing several beds; also stables and servants' roonis, and a separate building with kitchen, bakehouse, brewhouse, and store-room. The second, for the lower orders, has a large room in the centre with a dormitory at each end, and rooms for servants who waited on the pilgrims. A camera or sitting-room is also provided, and a cellarium, a bakehouse, and brewhouse. The stranger monks were qualified to eat in the refectory with the brethren; they are only provided with a sitting-room and dormitOTy. . The Hospitate buildings are represented at Canterbury in the Norman drawing, in the first place, by the Camera Vetus Prioris and Nova Camera Prioris on the east and south of the monastic group. These, which were • apparently devoted to the reception of the most distinguished guests, who were assigned to the Prior, were greatly enlarged in the later times, occupying the ground surrounding their ancient sites, and extending aloug the eastern boundary of the Green Court. In the next place, on the western side of the site, completely sepa- 1·ated from the Prior's group by the intervention of the entire mass of monastic buildings, ,ve find the Celerer's hall and lodgings, in the neighbourhood of the convent kitchen and butteries, employed for the reception of the guests under his especial charge, and approached by an especial gatehouse. Lastly, in the north-west corner of the Green Court, in contact with the outer gate, is the great Hall, te1·med .A.ula Nova, which, although its purpose has never been exactly recorded, was, judging by other examples, the Hospitium of the paupers and lower class of pilgrims. Beyond this hall, on the outside of the precinct, was the Almonry~yard, where the broken meat and other alms were daily delivered to the poor. 16 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS O F THE The Hospitia in the monastery we are examining at Canterbury are all in the form of long ranges of building. N o records remain to indicate the exact original distribution of the apartments; but it is well known that in the middle ages travellers were content to sleep in chambers containing many beds, and to rest in the day in long galleries, in which there was space to walk to and fro for exercise and conversation. F o r private converse, these galleries had one or more recesses i n their sides. Haddon Hall and Queen's College, Cambridge, retain such galleries, of which indeed many other examples remain. The garden towers and oriels o f the Deanery furnished such recesses in the original form of the "New,. Lodgyng," and the tower which projects from the north face of Chillenden's Chambers, and the oriels o f the house termed Meist' Homers are also examples; for in all these structures it is probable that the length of the building had very few transverse partitions. T h e highpitched adapted the same may said The Menial buildings have been already enumerated Thus far I have described the general disposition, as explained the inscriptions on the Norman drawing. I consider the actual condition, or rather the various conditions have passed through, since I first became acquainted with them; comparing them with the records, to develope o f care during the middle ages, of the neglect, destruction, and cupidity of the Reformation and Rebellion, and of the meddling ignorance and indifference of the times approaching our own. 16 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF T.I:p!} The Hospitia in the monastery we are examining at Canterbury are all in the form of long ranges of building. No records remain to indicate the exact original distribution of the apartments; but it is well known that in the middle ages travellers were content to sleep in chambers containing many beds, and to rest in the day in long galleries, in which there was space to walk to and fro for exercise and conversation. For private converse, these galleries had one or more 1·ecesses in their sides. Haddon Hall and Queen's College, Cambridge, retain such galleries, of which indeed many other examples remain. The garden towers and oriels of the Deanery furnished such recesses in the original form of the ''New• Lodgyng," and the tower which projects from the north. face of Chillenden's Chambers, and the oriels of the house termed Meist' Homers are also examples; for in all these structures it is probable that the length of the · building had very few transverse partitions. The highpitched roof of Chillenden's building was adapted for a dormitory or gallery, and the same may be said of the roofs of the Cheker building and of the Deanery. The Menial buildings have been already enumerated (p. 12, above). Thus far I have described the geneTal disposition, as explained by the inscxiptions on the Norman drawing. I will now consider the buildings in their actual condition, or rather in the various conditions they have passed through, since I first became acquainted with them; comparing them with the reco1·ds, to develope the successive changes they have undergone through the periods of reverent care and improvement during the middle ages, of the neglect, destruction, ancl cupidity of the Reformation and Rebellion, and of the meddling ignorance and indifference of the· times approaching our own. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 7 CHAP. I V. BUILDINGS BELONGING TO THE MONASTIC L I F E . 1. The Chapter-House. Beginning with the great Cloister, we find between the gable-wall of the north transept and the Chapterhouse a narrow passage or slype (Plate 2, 37), which, when Lanfranc's short east end of the church was standing, led, as usual, directly into the cemetery of the monks at the east of his apse. The Norman chapter-house was, as will appear below, rebuilt in later times, and the present one is manifestly shewn, by the mode of its junction with the small Norman cloister (0, Fig.. 6, page below) to project further eastward than the original one, which is represented in the Norman drawing by a mere gable-wall rising above the Cloister roof, and furnished with a row of four windows like those of the Dormitory, of which A s extending eastward from this gable is shewn, the building, were other evidence wanting, might from this alone be pronounced to have been a short one. The passage from the Dormitory to the church for probably the chapter-the party-two buildings, at such a height that i t would admit the monks into a gallery constructed in the thickness of the west gable-wall of the chapter-house over the doorway, and conduct them by an opposite door into the structure shewn in the Norman drawing. This appears to represent the side wall o f sloping ascent, erected against leading upwards in continuation of the passage, over the upper chapel north transept, VII. M:ON.ASTERY OF CHRIS'!' CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 17 CRAP. IV. BUILDINGS BELONGING TO THE MONASTIC LIFE. 1. The Chapter-House. Beginning with the great Cloister, we find between the gable-wall of the north transept and the Chapterhouse a nanow passage or slype (Plate 2, 37), which, when Lanfranc's short east end of the church was standing, led, as usual, directly into the cemetery of the monks at the east of his apse. The Norman chapter-house was, 8$ will appear below, rebuilt in later times, and the present one is manifestly shewn, by the mode of its junction with the small Norman cloister (0, P, Fig .. 5, page 48, below) to project further eastward than the original one, which is represented in the Norman cu:awing by a mere gable-wall rising above the Cloister rnof, and furnished with a row of four windows like those of the Dormitory, of which this gable-wall is the continuation. As no roof extending eastward from this gable is shewn, the building, were other evidence wanting, might from this alone be p1·onounced to have been a short one. The passage from the Dormitory to the chui·ch for the nocturnal services was probably provided by a door into the chapter-house, in the party-wall of the two buildings, at such a height that it would admit the monks into a gallery constmcted in the thickness of the . west gable-wall of the chapter-house over the dool'way, • and conduct them by an opposite door into the structure shewn in the Norman drawing. This appears to 1·ep1·esent the side wall of a sloping ascent, erected again.st the west wall of the transept, and roofed, leading upwards in continuation of the passage, over the Cloister roof, and consequently landing the monks on the pavement of the upper chapel of the nort~ transept, VOL. VU. C 18 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE dedicated to St. Blaise, which was on a higher level than the Cloister roof. The vault which carried the floor of this chapel was pulled down after the murder of Becket, to enable the altar of his martyrdom to appear to advantage,' but was standing when the drawing was made. Possibly the roof of the Chapter-house was pyramidal, and the small triangle with three windows would represent a dormer. The documentary history of the Chapter-house is contained in the two passages which follow—the first, from the list of the works of Prior De Estria, (App. No. V.) repair of the Chapter-house with two new gable-walls, A.D. 1304-5," 2—the second, from Chillenden's list (Appendix No. VI.), records the "completion of the new Chapter-house." 3 The allusion below (p. 46) to the dangerous state of the Chapter-house in the document of 1397, from my Arch. l i s t . p. 118, shews that this latter repair took place after that date.4 The Chapter-house itself fully confirms the written history. I t is an oblong room, extending without a vestibule from the eastward, feet length and thirty-five feet in breadth.° I t s lateral walls are lined with a simple arcade, supported on single rest on a bench table, and composed of battlementeil The east end has a canopied throne the centre and an arcade of richer character on each side, triangular The are 1 2 quint° . Reparacio "1390 . . . Nova capitularis . . . 4 Ang. Sacra 143, also D o m = Capitularem ' s Bristol chapter-feet. 18 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE . dedicated to St. Blaise, which was on a higher level tlian the Cloister roof. The vault which carried the floor of this chapel was pulled down after the murder of Becket, to enable the altar of his martyrdom to appear to advantage, 1 but was standing when the drawing was made. Possibly the roof of the Chapter-house was pyramidal, and the small triangle with three windows would represent a dormer. The documentary history of the Chapter-house is contained in the two passages which follow-the first, from the list of the works of Prior De Estria, (App. No. V.) mentions a "repafr of the Chapter-house with two new gable-walls, A.D. 1304-5," 2-the second, from Chillenden's list (Appendix No. VI.), records the "completion of the new Chapter-house."'fhe allusion below (p. 46) to the dangerous state of the Chapter-house in the document of 1397, from my Arch. l:Iist, p. 118, shews that this latter repair took place after that date.4 The Chapter-house itself fully confirms the written history. It is an oblong room, extending without a vestibule from the Cloister wall eastward, ninety feet in length and thirty-five feet in breadth.5 Its lateral walls. are lined with a simple arcade, supported on single shafts which rest on a bench table, and composed of pointed .trefoil arches surmounted by a rich battlementea. cornice. The east end has a canopied throne in the centre and an arcade of richer character on each side, the arches being provided with trianINGS. ------------------ ---------- --------------- MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 4 9 mains of such an arcaded cloister, in front of the Infirmary (vide Fig. 5 at T, and Fig. 16). T h e arches are plain, square-edged, o f a single order, only two feet ten inches in span, and fourteen inches thick, resting on low shafts, which are alternately single and double. The capitals are of early Norman character. Some of the shafts are carved with small spiral flutes, either continuous, or alternately right and left as in the crypt column engraved in my Architectural History' (p. 69). Only six of these arches remain, and they are partly masked by the piers and buttresses which support the front wall o f the high building which was erected subsequently, and will be described below. T h e complete arcade consisted either o f twelve o r thirteen arches. B u t the erection of the Prior's chapel, in the thirteenth century, swept away the southern half of this eastern alley and half of the southern alley. I n the Norman drawing only ten arches are given to this east.. ern alley. I n reality the length of the alley is equal to the west front of the Infirmary, which backs it. B u t the nature of the drawing made i t impossible for the draughtsman to exhibit this fact, which was not essential to his hydraulics. The north and south arcades are shewn in the same simple form as the east; the former, which has now left no traces, except the springing of its boundary-wall at the east end, and perhaps at the west, is represented with eighteen arches. The south arcade is partly covered by the circular tower of the Lavatory, commonly termed the Baptistery, but shews six arches on each side of it. A s the eastern alley was certainly never vaulted, it is probable that, as completed by Lanfranc, a similar construction was carried along the north and south sides. But at present the southern alley is occupied, in the space from the Dormitory to the circular tower, by a Norman ambulatory, of five open arches on each side, VOL. V I I . B MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN C.ANTERBUHY. 49 mains of such an al'caded cloister, in front of the Infirmary ( vide Fig. 5 at T, and Fig. 16 ). The arches are plain, square-edged, of a single order, only two feet ten inches in span, and fourteen inches thick, resting on low shafts, which are alternately single and double. The capitals are of early NOl'man character. Some of the shafts are carved with small spiral :flutes, either continuous, or alternately right and left as in the crypt column engraved in my 'Architectural History' (p. 69). Only six of these arches 1·emain, and they are partly masked by the piers and buttresses which support _the front wall of the high building which was erected subsequently, and will be described below. The complete arcade consisted either of twelve or thhteen arches. But the erection of the Prior's chapel, in the thirteenth century, swept away the southern half of this eastern alley and half of the southern alley. In the Norman drawing only ten arches are given to this easte1n alley. In reality the length of the alley is equal to the west front of the Infirmary, which backs it. But the nature of the drawing made it impossible for the draughtsman to exhibit this fact, which was not essential to his hydraulics. • The north and south al'cades a1·e shewn in the same simple form as the east; the fo1·mer, which has now left no traces, except the springing of its boundary~wall at the east end, and perhaps at the west, is 1·epresented with eighteen a1·ches. The south arcade is partly covered by the circular tower of the Lavatory, commonly termed the Baptistery, but shews six arches on each side of it. .As the eastern alley was certainly never vaulted, it is pro.bable that, as completed by Lanfranc, a siniilru: construction was cauied along the north and south sides. But at present the southern alley is occupied, in the space from the Dormitory to the circular tower, by a Norman ambulato1·y, of five open arches on .each side, VOL. vrr. E 50 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE resting on compound piers of substantial masonry, vaulted with transverse arches and groins, and surmounted by a low upper story or gallery, with Norman windows. (Figs. 5, 6, 7.) The circular Lavatory tower, which now stands in front of the fifth arch, was a subsequent erection, shewn From compartment. vaulted and arcaded ambulatory or passage (N, M, 5), of upper gallery, leads southwards at right angles, to door in the gable of Ernulf's transept. This door gives access to the crypt, flight of descending steps within the thickness of the gable wall. The door is placed as near possible, enable monks to enter it and pass forward without interfering with the services at the two crypt altars, which occupied the apses of the transept, and were dedicated respectively The span of that arch of the vaulted ambulatory from which this south branch issues, is considerably greater the corresponding arches the arcade, severey of the vault, which is square in plan, forms a crossing, piers are treated i n southern an afterthought. This substantial work was evidently for passage south ambulatory the Infirmary the new transeptal chapels in the crypt of Anselm's also carry second covered passage might be obtained, leading Dormitory floor This is the choir Conrad, which, being raised upon crypt, is carried to a height of twelve or fourteen feet the level of cloisters, thus brought the few 50 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE resting on compound piers of substantial masonry, vault• ed with transverse arches and groins, and surmounted •by a low upper story 0 1· gallery, with Norman windows. (Figs. 5, 6, 7.) The circular Lavatory tower, which now stands in front of the fifth arch, was a subsequent erection, as shewn below. From the fifth compartment a vaulted and arcaded ambulatory or passage (N, M, Fig. 5 ), of exactly similar construction, also provided with an upper gallery, leads southwards at right angles, to a door in the gable of Ernulf's transept. This door gives access to the crypt, by a flight of descending steps within the thickness of the gable wall. The door is placed as near the western wall of the crypt as possible, to enable the monks to enter it and pass forward without inteifering with the setvices at the two crypt altars, which occupied the apses of the transept, and were dedicated respec~ tively to St. Mary Magdalene and St. Nicholas. The span of that arch of the vaulted ambulatory from which this south branch i&s\1es, is considerably greater than the corresponding arches of the arcade, and that severey of the vault, which is square in plan, forms a kind of crossing, the piers of which are treated in a manner which shews that the southern branch was not an afterthought. This substantial work was evidently planned fo1· the purpose of providing a covered passage from the south ambulatory of the Infu·mary cloister to the new transepta.l chapels in the crypt of Anselm's church, which should also. ca1·ry a gallery above, by which a second covered passage might be obtained, leading from the Doimitory fl.001· to a door in the north transept gable. This upper story i~ on the level of the pavement of the. choir. of Conrad.' vyhich, being raised upon the crypt, 1s earned to a height of twelve or fourteen · feet above the level of the cloisters, arid thus brouo-ht to coincide with the level of the upper gallery by th: help of a few steps. Opposite page 50. iTtoriIplIv*im* ; 6•4 o s t a i r k . : 4 0 , 521;2 ; 7 " , .74111111ED C , I I I q U M W , 1 1 1 1 N i m a l a w l V A M S Substructure of Prier's Chapel. G r e a t Lavatory Tower. N o r m a n Cloister and Gallery. F i g . 7 . — E L B VAT I O N O P PA RT O P T H E SOUTH S I D E O r T H E n i - r m m A r t v CLOISTER pagu 60. 2 ,.. ] Sub~tructure of Prior'e Chapel. Great Lavatory Tower. Norman Cloister and Gallery. Fig. 7.-ELl!VATlON OF l'AnT OF 'l'JU! SOUTH BIDE 01' !!'KE lNFUtl{AltY Cl,OIS'J'ER OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 5 1 The substantial architecture of the cloister and gallery just described is sufficiently accounted for the necessity of providing for the monks a covered access from the Dormitory to the new choir without descending into the cloister. T h e vaulting of this part of the cloister was necessary, to give permanence to the floor of the passage. T h e style of the architecture is singularly simple and elegant, but is precisely the same in details as the crypt of Anselm's work. But the so-called Baptistery, but really Lavatory, as in Chillenden's list (vide Appendix No. VI. § 7), is erected against this cloistered gallery, with straight joints, and manifestly a subsequent addition in a later style; belonging to the hydraulic system, and therefore erected about 1160. The Prior's chapel, of which now only the substructure remains, has obliterated the portion of the south alley which reached from the Baptistery to the Infirmary, and prevented us from ascertaining whether the vaulted cloister was carried beyond the Baptistery eastward. B u t as there was no need of extending the upper gallery beyond its present boundary eastward, it is probable that Lanfranc's southern shed-roofed cloister was allowed to remain undisturbed in that part in the manner shewn in my plan (Plate 2, 12). The west side of this Cloister-garth is occupied, in the Norman drawing, by a low building erected against the Dormitory wall, which has a latticed fence in front, and ornamented dormers on the roof. A door at the south end gives entrance to it; but no inscription tells of its purpose. A similar latticed fence divides the cloister garth into two parts.' The western part is labelled Herb- 1 These palisades, of which another has been described above in the kitchen-court, are formed of two rows of flat wooden slips, driven into the ground, so as to slant to right and left, and. form a reticulation. I n Violletle- Duc's Dictionary, such palisades are said to occur in manuscripts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and he has given a figure of them. (Art. ClOtwre, p. 462.) E2 MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 51 The substantial architecture of the cloister and gallery just described is sufficiently accounted for by the necessity of providing for the monks a covered access from the Dormito1·y to the new choir without descending into the cloister. The vaulting of this part of the cloister was necessary, to give permanence to the floor of the passage. The style of the architecture is singularly simple and elegant, but is precisely the same in details as the crypt of Anselm's work. But the so-called Baptistery, but really Lavatory, as in Chillenden's list ( vide Appendix No. VI. § 7), is erected against this cloistered gallery, with straight joints, and manifestly a subsequent addition in a later style; belonging to the hydraulic system, and therefore erected about 1160. The Prior's chapel, of which now only the substructure remains, has obliterated the portion of the south alley which reached from the Baptistery to the Infirmary, and prevented us from ascertaining whether the vaulted cloister was carried beyond the Baptistery eastward. But as there was no need of extending the upper gallery beyond its present boundaTy eastward, it is probable that Lanfranc's southern shed-roofed cloister was allowed to remain undisturbed in that part in the manner shewn in my plan (Plate 2, 12). The west side of this Cloister-garth is occupied, in the Norman drawing, by a low building erected against the_/ Dormito1·y wall, which has a latticed fence in front, and ornamented do1·mers on the roof. A door at the south end gives entrance to it; but no inscription tells of its purpose. A similar latticed fence divides the cloister garth ~to two parts.1 The western part is labelled He1'o- 1 These palisades, of which another has been described above in the kitchen-court, are formed of two rows of :flat -wooden slips, driven into the ground, so as to slant to right and left, and form a roticulation. In Violletle- Duc's Dictionary, such palisades are said to occur in manuscripts of the fourteenth and .fifteenth centuries, and he has given a figure of them. (Art. Oltitwre, p. 462.) E2 52 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE and in the drawing is filled with small herbs, omitted in the engraved copy of 1755. already retained until the building of the present Library various projections, or toothings, shewn the plans some of which still remain. These indicate that some was erected against this of wall, projections confirm the existence of some monastic office in that place. The first western arch of the Norman vaulted cloister, building, is of greater span than the others, as i f intended to accommodate the abutment of its east wall against the east pier of the arch. The Infirmary. extends eastward the east wall of the cloister just described, which wall is in fact its western gable. the nave of a church, with side aisles, pier arches, and This drawing, and labelled Domus Infirmorum, hall—literally, House Sick and Infirm but the distribution document shews that the Dissolution it bore the name of the "Long Hall." § Beyond domus Capella Infirmorum, aisles and a clerestory; but internally i t was entirely the domus Traces the south To drawing represented apse. 52 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE arium, and in the drawing is :filled with small herbs, omitted in the engraved copy of 1755. The ruined wall of the Dormitory, as aheady described, retained until the building of the present Library various broken projections, or toothings, shewn in the plan; some of which still remain. These indicate that some building was erected against this part of the wall, of which the projections indicate partitions, and thus confirm the existence of some monastic office in that place. The first western arch of the Norman vaulted cloister, namely, that which stands against the south end.of this building, is of greater span than the others, as if in.;. tended to accommodate the abutment of its east wall against the east pier of the arch. 6. The I nfirmary. The Infirmary itself extends eastward from the east wall of the cloister just described, which wall is in fact its western gable. The monastic Infirmary, generally speaking, resembles the nave of a church, with side aisles, pier arches, and clerestory windows above. This is clearly shewn in the Norman drawing, and labelled IJomus Infir-nwrum, or Infirmary hall-literally, " House of the Sick and Infirm " ; but the distribution document shews that at the Dissolution it bore the name of the" Long Hall." ( Vide Appendix No. VIII. § 12.) Beyond this domus is the Chapel of the infirmary, Oapellainfirmorum, attached to it as the ·chancel of a church is to its nave, and having side aisles and a clerestory; but internally it was entirely separated from the dom,us by a wall rising to its roof, and having a door in the centre, as at Ely. Traces of the junction of this wall with the south wall of the chapel remain. To the eastern extremity of the chapel is appended a real chancel, which in the Norman drawing is rep1·esented as a simple ~pse. OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 5 3 At the Dissolution, the Infirmary buildings were ordered to be pulled down, and the site appropriated to certain prebendal houses. Fortunately some considerable portions were found useful in the erection of these buildings by furnishing ready-made walls and supports, which economized their construction. B y the help of these I was enabled, by exploring the interior of the houses, to plan and draw the details of construction of the Domus and Capella in 1847.1 B u t in the late demolition of superfluous houses these remains have been completely set free from their parasitic additions, and left standing as picturesque ruins. The condition of these ruins is that five Norman piers and arches of the Hall remain on the south side, but of the clerestory not a fragment is left. I t s south side aisle wall and roof existed before the above-mentioned demolition, in which it was unfortunately included, but will be described below. The complete southern range of the piers and arches of the Chapel is standing, with enough of the clerestory to show its proportions and the form of its windows. The foundations and lower parts of the south side aisle have been uncovered and allowed to remain exposed. The chancel, which is square, now exhibits a large flowing window on the north side, with evidence of a similar one eastward and southward. But the fragments of a Norman zigzag window on the south and north, of a square Norman pilaster at the south-east angle, and also of two Norman east windows, shew that this square chancel was built in the latter part of the Norman style. The apse represented as terminating these My comparison of the Norman drawing with these remains of the Infirmary buildings enabled me to prove for the first time that the ruins at the south-east of the Cathedral at Ely were in reality those of an infirmary Hall and Chapel, with Kitchen, Table-Hall, etc., similar to those at Canterbury, and not, as Bentham imagined, the remains of a Saxon church and convent. I subsequently discovered similar Infirmaries at Peterborough, Gloucester, and elsewhere. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 53' At the Dissolution, the ·Infirmary buildings were ordered to be pulled down, and the site appropriated to certain p1·ebendal houses. Fortunately some considerable portions were found useful in the erection of these buildings by furnishing ready~made walls and supports, which economized their construction. By the help of these I was enabled, by exploring the interior of the houses, to plan and draw the details of construction of the .Domus and Capella in 1847.1 But in the late demolition of superfluous houses these remains have been completely set free from their parasitic additions, and left standing as picturesque ruins. . The condition of these .ruins is that five N Ol'man piers and arches of the Hall remain on the south side, but of the clerestory not a fragment is left. Its south side aisle wall and roof existed before the above-mentioned d.emolition, in which it was unfortunately included, but will be described below. The complete southern mnge • of the piers and arches of the Chapel is standing, with enough of the clerestory to show its proportions and the form ofits windows. The foundations and lower parts of the south side aisle have been uncovered and allowed to remain exposed. The chancel, which is square, now exhibits a large flowing window on the north side, with evidence of a similar one eastward and southward. But the fragments of a Norman zigzag window on the south and north, of a square Norman pilaster at the south-east angle, and also of two Norman east windows, shew that 'this square chancel was built in the latter part of the Nor- . man style. The apse represented as terminating these 1 My comparison of the Norman drawing with these remains of the Infirmary buildings enabled me to prove for the :fl.rst time that the ruins at the south-east of the Cathedral at Ely were in reality those of an Infirmary Rall and Chapel, with Kitchen, Table-Rall, etc., similar to those at Cante1·bury, and not, as Bentham imagined, the remains of a Saxon church and convent. I subsequently discovered similar Infirmaries at Peterborough, Gloucester, and elsewhere. 54 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE Infirmary buildings in the Norman drawing, may have existed previously, but is more likely to have been inserted The piers of the hall are plain cylindrical columns with scolloped capitals, exactly resembling those of the porch of the North Hall, or Aula and the pier shallow plain sunk fillet on the face. The piers of the on the contrary, a the nook the squareedged orders, and their capitals are richly carved.' chancel the Infirmary underwent thorough restoration about the middle of the fourteenth no historical note remains, and which its Norman character was completely transformed into the style of that period. A large three-light tracery window was inserted in the Norman walls on each side, east end five-light occupying whole breadth. The northern window remains entire; its opposite, on the south, has only left its western jamb existence. O f eastern sill, with the seats of its four mullions and portions of the jambs, remain and shew that it was inserted at the same time with the others. The wall retains its Norman quoins, by which we learn that the dimensions of The jambs of these windows are excessively splayed, the scoinson arch, outline, is a segmental arch. Altogether, the inner opening of the window is about as broad as high, which is not a The which remains has a mixture of geometrical and flowing that assimilates i t to the window Anselm's Chape1,2 recorded 1 In Carter's 'Ancient Architecture,' pl. xxix., these capitals are all represented. 2 Engraved in my Arch. Hist., p. 115. This arch is also a sprawling segmental pointed arch, and has moldings of the same kind as these windows. 54 THE CONVENTU.AL :BUILDINQS OF THE Infirmary buildings in the Norman drawing, may have existed previously, but is more likely to have been insel'ted as a conventional mode of designating a church. The piers of the hall are plain cylindrical columns with scolloped capitals, exactly resembling those of the porch of the North Hall, or Aula Nova, and the pier arches are of two square-edged orders formed by a shallow plain sunk fillet on the face. The piers of the chapel, on the contrary, are compound, and the arches have a roll-molding in the nook between the squareedged orders, and their capitals a1·e richly carved.1 The chancel of the Infirmary Chapel underwent a thorough restoration about th~ middle of the fourteenth century, of which no historical note remains, and by which its Norman character was completely transformed into the style of that period. A large three-light tracery window was inserted in the Norman walls on each side, and at the east end a :five-light window, occupying its whole breadth. The northern window remains entire; its opposite, on the south, has only left its western jamb to testify of its existence. Of the eastern window, the sill, ·with the seats of its four mullions and portions of the jambs, remain and shew that it was inserted at the same time with the others. The wall 1·etains its Norman quoins, by which we learn that the dimensions of the chancel were not changed by the works in question. The jambs of these windows are excessively splayed, and the scoinson arch, which defines the inner outline, is a segmental arch. .Altogether, the inner opening of the window is about as broad as high, which is not a graceful proportion. The pattern of the tracery of that which remains has a mixture of geometrical ancl flowing lines, that assimilates it to the window in Anselm's Chapel,2 of which the recorded date is 1336. Cal'ter's Ancic-nt .A.rchil;eoture,' xxh:., oapitnls aro represented. z Engraved This segmental. 11rol1, I.ins these windows. OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 5 5 same time these changes. The first recorded additions to the Infirmary are those of Prior Hathbrande (1338-1370), who built the stone Hall called " Mensa Magistri Infirmatorii," or Table Hall VIII.), and also seven adjacent chambers for the infirm. The walls of this Hall remain, and shew that it stood northward. The wall of north aisle into one o f the prebendal houses which has escaped the late destructive changes, retains three windows, of valuable as being dated. F o r Sommer quotes out of the treasurer's accounts of the church in 1342 and next following year the passages given below,' which shew new chambers the wooden these chambers, chambers or were relieved infirmary has been swept away. W e know the indicated by dotted lines (at 9, Pl. 2), on the north side also necessarium parallelogram Some examples of medieval infirmaries in almshouses monasteries that retain their ancient 1 Pro of; de novo 96/. prEeter marcas receptas Feretrario nova I t e m novis cameris 61/. 61. JIM juxta novas Cl. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 55· A new chancel arch was built at the sa.me time with these changes. The first recorded additions to t'\l,e Infirmary are those of Prior Hathbrande (1338-1370), who built the stone Hall called" Mensa Magistri In:firmatorii," or Table If all as it was termed at the Reformation (vide Appendix No. VIII.), and also seven adjacent chambers for the infirm;· The walls of this Hall remain, and shew that it stood at the east end of the north aisle of the Infirmary Hall, projecting northward. The wall of the north aisle is the south end of the Hall, and the latter, being worked into one of the prebendal houses which has escaped the late destructive changes, retains three windows, of two lights each, with a plain transom and good tracery, valuable as being dated. For Somner quotes out of the· treasurer's accounts of the church in 1342 and next following year the passages given below,1 which shew that this new Hall with a chamber, in the Infirmary, as well as other new chambers in the Infirmary, and also pentises or wooden cloisters, about this Hall and these chambe1·s, were in course of construction. The "Table Hall" was the especial Refectory for those who were able to quit their chambel's Ol' were i:elieved for a time from the austerities of the cloister. Every other portion of the north half of these iniirmary buildings has been swept away. VVe know from the Norman drawing that its kitchen stood in the position indicated by dotted lines (at 9, Pl. 2), on the no1·th side of the hall; also that its necessa.i'ium was placed to the east of it, as shewn by the dotted parallelogi-am (at 8). · Some·examples of medireval infi.1:maries in almshouses or monasteries that retain thefr ancient fittings, as at Pro nova aula et una Camera do novo factis in firmaria, 96l. 8s. 2d. pl'reter 20 mn.rcas 1·eceptas a Feretral.'io pro nova camera facienda. Item pro novis cameris in firmaria et pentisiis circa aula ibidem, 6ll. Is. 6d. Item pro novo pentisio juxt-a no,•as cameras in firmaria, 6l. 15s. 4d. ob. 56 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE St. Mary's, Chichester, and St. John's, Northampton,' shew that in later times these side aisles were enclosed and divided by partitions and floors into separate chambers. The Infirmary Hall which we are 'examining presented, in the south side aisle, now destroyed, a most practice; for two-thirds this aisle, from the west wall eastwards, had been fitted up as a complete Hostry or Camera for the Subprior before the fifteenth century, of which I have given the plans in Figs. 5 and 6. At the Dissolution, this was assigned to the twelfth prebend, and by the help of a additional fittings dwelling-which state i t remained until the late destruction of superfluous houses. This dwelling-house, however, had soon been found to ' be too small for a prebendary, and was transferred to a The mansion fitted up for him in the great necessarium, on the I will now describe the medieval fittings of the Subprior's Camera, observing appropriation and afterwards (bide Plates 2 and 3). I n Chillenden's this is brought up to the south "Camera Subprioris," then across camera, Infirmary.2 partly receive than the Norman one and furnish large windows to the Domestic Battely 96) course name Obituary Aug. served fix the subprior ; the first Battely's 56 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF ·_THE St. Mary's, Chichester, and St. John's, N orthampton,1 shew that in later times these side aisles were enclosed and divided by partitions and floors into separate chambers. The Infirmary Hall which we are •examining presented, in the south side aisle, now destroyed, a most interesting example of this practice; for two-thirds of this aisle, from the west wall eastwards, had been fitted up as a complete Hostry or Oame1·a for the Subprior before the fifteenth century, of which I have given the plans in Fig·s. 5 and 6. At the Dissolution, this was assigned to the twelfth prebend, and by the help of a few additional fittings converted into a dwelling-house, in which state it r~mained until the late destruction of superfluous houses. This dwelling-house, however, had soon been found to · be too small for a prebendary, and was transferred to a minor canon. The twelfth prebendary had a large mansion fitted up for him in the great necessarium, on the south side of the Green Court. . I will now describe the medireval fittings of the Subprior's Camera, first observing that its appropriation to that officer is ascertained by help of a description of the great sewer, repaired by Chillenden, and afterwards by • Goldston (1Jide Plates 2 and 3). In Chillenden's list ( sect. 8) this watercourse is brought up to the south side of the " Camera Su bpriol'is," then across the camera, and across the great Hall of the In:fi.rmary.2 The pier arches were walled up to enclose the Camera on the north side, and the south side aisle wall raised or pa1·tly rebuilt, so as to receive a roof of less inclination than the Norman one and furnish large .windows to the chambers. 1 Vide Dollman's ' Domestic Architecture.' • 2 :Battely (p. 94) first remarked that the coul'se of the aqueduct, described under Goldston's name in the Obituary (Ang. Sac. p. 148), ser\red to fix the residence of tho subprior; and tho more minute description of the same aqueduct in Chillenden's list, now fu-st published, amply confirms J3uttely's . decision. • MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 6 7 A dining-hall (B, Fig. 5), thirty feet long, sixteen wide, and twenty high, with a withdrawing-room (A) twenty-five feet long to the east, occupied that end of the house, reaching to the roof.' The hall and withdrawing- room had large chimney pieces, with molded four-centred arches and battlemented crests, and were Perpendicular square-(b, e, h) of two lights and a transom. There were traces in the east corner of the hall (at f) that seemed to shew that an oriel window once stood there. A small south door (g) next to i t led outward, perhaps to a turret stair. The dining-hall was entered from the nave of Infirmary Hall, by a richly-four-door at the north-west corner, in the usual position assigned to hall doors. Between the west end of the hall and the Infirmary gable the aisle was divided transversely by a wall T h e separated hall by the usual wooden partition or screen which had a j) divided into two stories by a floor which gave eight feet of height to the lower apartments. B y another partition the north the second or western compartment (F). The south part first, entered south screen, contained two rooms (C, 1.)), looking, the one into the " Gymews," as the old cemetery was termed, the other into the subvault of the Treasury, and probably employed as pantries. T h e window, the same style as the larger ones, was low and adapted to the height of the floor, so as to shew that the Perpendicular side-wall of the aisle was erected after the plan been formed. apartments fitted in. continuation MONAS~Y OF CHRIST CHURCH m· CANTERBURY. 57 A dining-hall (B, Fig. 5 ), thirty feet long, sixteen wide, and twenty high, with a withdrawing-1·oom (A) twenty-five feet long to the east, occupied that end of the house, reaching to the roof.1 The hall and withchawing- room had large chimney pieces, with molded four-centred arches and battlemented crests, and were lighted by lofty Perpendicular square-headed windows (b, c, h) of two lights and a transom. There we1·e traces in the east corner of the hall (at/) that seemed to shew that an oriel window once stood there. A small south door (g) next . to it led outward, perhaps to a tunet stair. The dining-hall was entered from the nave of the Infirmary Hall, by a richly-molded four-centred door (k) at the north-west corner, in the usual position assigned to hall doors. Between the west end of the hall and the Infirmary gable the aisle was divided transversely by a wall (m n) into two compartments. The first, separated from the hall by the usual wooden partition or screen which had a door (J) at each extremity, was twenty-two feet long, and divided into two stories by a floor which gave eight feet of height to the lower apartments. By another partition a passage (E) was separated from its north part, through which the north door of this hall-screen led directly to the second or western compartment (F). The south part of the first, entered by the south door of the screen, contained two rooms (C, D), looking, the one into the " Gymews," as the old cemetery was termed, the other into the subvault of the Treasury, and probably employed as butteries or pantries. The . window, in the same style as the larger ones, was low and adapted to the height of the floor, so as to shew that the Perpendicular side-wall of the aisle was erected after the plan of these chambers had been formed . . 1 When these apartments were fitted up for the twelfth prebendary, a floor was constructed in these two rooms in continuation of that of the western chamber, so as to furnish a second story over the whole with the exception of the western compartment (F). 58 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF TT47 chamber (A, was and ceiled panelling. I have indicated the general disposition of the panelled ceiling i n the Figure. I t was a beautiful domestic architecture period, and it is greatly to be regretted that i t should have been sacrificed when the houses were demolished. I t a handsome broad and a transom externally, close to the Treasury. A of the window against the Treasury wall. This chamber reached plain opening western compartment (which remains to be described. This compartment, not divided in height by a floor, which is the gable-wall of the Infirmary, and in that part I t exception corner, in which was a window, and possibly another in the north This fittings roof, I t was entered a pointed door 1, Fig. 5) from the Infirmary door in the north-east corner, giving entrance to the passage above mentioned, which led to the dining-hall, and another (C, Fig. 6) vertically over it, which opened to the wainscoted room above. From this i t must be inferred that the high room we are considering originally staircase access to the wainscot chamber at C, to the Prior's chapel at E, and by a private passage at H, to his own chambers north, which will be described hereafter.' Infir- 58 TlIE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE The chamber above (.A, B, C, Fig. 6) was eleven feet high, completely lined and ceiled with wainscot panelling. I have indicated the general disposition of the panelled ceiling in the Figure. lt was a beautiful specimen of the domestic architecture of Chillenden's period, and it is greatly to be regretted that it should have been sacrificed when the houses were demolished. It had a handsome bl'Oad window (B), with four lights and .a transom . externally, close to the Treasury. A four-centred chimney-arch and chimney was placed west of the window against the Treasury wall. This chamber was reached through a plain pointed door opening to the westem compartment (F, Fig. 5, and D, Fig. 6), which remains to be described. This compartment; not divided in height by a floor, was twenty feet long from the eastern wall to the western, which is the gable-wall of the Infirmary, and in that part also common to the Prior's chapel. It was covered and bounded by the Treasury wall on the south, with the exception of an interval of five feet at the south-west comer, in which was a window, ancl possibly another in the north wall which filled up the pier-arch. This room, at the period of my visits, was stripped of all :fittings from the ground to the roof, filled with lumber, and in darkness. It was entered by a pointed door (l, Fig. 5) from the Infirmary Hall, and its eastern wall had one plain pointed door (m) in the nort.h-east comer, giving entrance to the passage above mentioned, which led to the dining~hall, and another (C, Fig. 6) vertically over it, which opened to the wainscoted room above. From this it must be inferred that the high room (D) we are considering originally contained a staircase and landing, giving access to the wainscot chamber at C, to the Prior's chapel at E, and by a private passage at H, to his own chambers north, which will be described hereafter.1 1 The square openings, E, F, G (Fig. 6), in the west gable of the Infir. OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 5 9 Chillen.den's of " and other conveniences for four chambers in the Firmaria ;" and Archbishop Courtney 1382-96), contemporary Chillenden, "new the Lodgings and Kitchen belonging to the Infirmary at his own costs of 1331. 6s. 8d."1 The north aisle of the Infirmary was probably fitted up with chambers like the south. B u t this aisle and its appendant Kitchen and offices, with the exception of the Table Hall, were entirely pulled down at the Dissolution. 7 . The Deportum. In Chillenden's list of buildings we find "a new place for the Deportum, with a celarium below." 2 writer on monastic matters, but it occurs in Winchelsey's clearly to mean the Hall in which the monks were allowed to licence Such place is known to have been and Ducange, Misericordia mean such indulgences, applies i t also, on the authority of quoted passages, to the Hall itself which was devoted to the The Deportum term. I presume its derivation to be from deportare, which gable i t and. The H access, staircase Infirmary Fig. occupies Battely, 75, 2 Novus 3 Vide Willcins's Concilia; ii. 246, They dated Jan. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 59 Chillenden's list ( sect. 17) gives an item of" Kitchens and other conveniences fOl' four chambers in the Firmaria;" and A.i-chbishop Courtney (1382-96 ), contemporary with Chillenden, '~ new built the Lodgings and Kitchen belonging to the Infirmary at his own costs of 133l. 6s. 8d."1 The north aisle of the Infirmary was probably fitted up with chambers like the south. But this aisle and its appendant Kitchen and offices, with the exception of the Table Hall, were entirely pulled down at the Dissolution. 7. The JJeportum. In Chillenden's list of buildings we find "a new place for the lJeportum, with a celarium below." 2 The word Deportum is not contained in any modern writer on monastic matters, but it occurs in Winchelsey's Statutes, quoted below,3 from which it is clearly shewn to mean the Hall in which the monks were allowed to eat flesh and drink freely by especial licence from their superiors. Such a place is well known to have been set apart for these indulgences in monasteries; and Ducange, defining the word Miserioordia to mean such indulgences, applies it also, on the authority of quoted passages, to the Hall itself which was devoted to the purpose. The name lJeportum is, in these Statutes, also used both for the indulgence and the privileged locality, and appears to be a local tel'm. I presume its dedvation to be from deporta're, which mary were probably the windows of that gable before it was masked by the Cheker building and Prior's chapel. The passage marked R in Fig. 6 is now a comparatively modern construction, to give access, by a staircase entered by a door cut through the west front wall of the Infirm11ry (between V and U, Fig. 5), to the Library, which occupies the Prior's chapel. 1 Bnttely, p. '75, quoting from the grant of a Chantry. (§ 16.) "Novus locus pro Deporto cum subtus celario." • JTide Wilkins's 'Concilia,' vol. ii. p. 241., etc. They are chted J"an.1298. 6 0 T H E ' C O N V E N T U A L HOTEDINGS OF THE Ducange interprets by tolerare, favere alieui, and by the old French &porter. B u t Johnson derives the disport, deporter. Thus the word is shewn to be a Latinization of an English expression for a place where the monks might disport themselves,—a Hall of diversion and relaxation from As I have no intention of entering into the general -history monastic economy, shall confine myself to the rules by which this particular Deportum, beginning fourteenth century under Winchelsey's Statutes, from the chapter following extracts. (Vide Appendix No. IV. for the original text.) On Refectory " - " A l l to abstain from eating flesh in enclosure House, mentioned. That say, their own Infirmary,—chambers infirm,—Deportum,—Prior's Camera,—and Astla Hospitam. "And because the solace afforded by the Deportam and of means for the diminution of ordain are them these they to have ,r Also, DeTortima refreshment must processions, solemn Mass, away "Also together Deporfram 60 THE' CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE Ducange interprets by tolerare, favere aliaui, and by the old French· de-porter. But Johnson derives the English word dispm·t, or diversion, from deportB'r. Thus the word is shewn to be a Latinization of an English expression for a place where the monks might disport themselves,-a Hall of diversion and relaxation from discipline. As I have no i;ntention of entering into the general ·history of the monastic economy, I shall in this place confine myself to the rules by which this particular JJeportum was governed at the beginning of the fourteenth century under Winchelsey's Statutes, from the seventh chapter of which I translate the following extracts. (Vide Appendix No. IV. for the original text.) The chapter is headed, " On those who Eat and Drink in the Infirmary or elsewhere out of the Refectory:"- . . . . ".A.11 monks are to abstain from eating flesh in the sight of the laity, as well in the interior as in the exterior enclosure of the House, excepting, in the places hereinafter mentioned. That is to say, if they have due permission, they may partake of flesh for their own pleasure, or for companionship with others, in the Table Hall of the Infirmary,-in the chambers of the sick and infirm,-in the Deporftwm,-in the Prior's Oamuwa,-11nd in the Aula Hospitwm. ".And because the solace afforded by the Deportum and Table Hall is intended for the refreshment of the brethren, but by no means for the diminution 0£ their victuals, we ordain that when eggs are.served out to tliem in tnese retreats, they are to be allowed the same number that thev are wont to h'a.ve in the Refectory. • cc .Also, those who are admitted to the Deporflwm, for refreshment and restoration of health must every day attend all processions, the third great solemn Mass, and Vespers, lest they should while a.way their time with idle tales and wanton jollity, as often happens. ".Also they, when eating, and, if they please, drinking together in the Deporbum or the Table Hall, must, after their meal, OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 6 1 writing, or the repetition of the services or rule, else they will punished. "And because the brethren frequently complain that sometimes decline their Deportum, four in the are present at the Mass of the Blessed Virgin, whereas by the approved custom of the Church eight brethren from the Deportwm ought to be present every day: "To remove this cause of discontent, the master of the Infirmary must, every Sunday as usual, inform eight brethren, as many of the lower as of the upper of each choir, in the order of priority, that they may take their if they will, in the next week. A n d if any one of the eight decline to accept it, he must, notwithstanding his refusal, be present every day of that week at the mass of the Blessed Mary, and on every Tuesday at the mass of the Blessed Thomas, together with those who did accept the Deport win, lest through his .refusal the solemnity of these masses be diminished." I t thus appears that as the insupportable tedium of the masses overbalanced the delights of the Deportum, the Archbishop hit upon the ingenious device of compelling the selected monks to attend the masses, but left them free to decline or accept the indulgences. No clue is given in the documents to the position of this Hall of Disport. I t is likely that i t was placed over the Buttery buildings to the west of the vestibule of the Refectory, so as to be in convenient juxtaposition with the passage from the Convent Kitchen. I t s existence and its rules appear to have hitherto escaped the notice of every writer on Canterbury.' In reference to Winchester, Milner (vol. ii. p. 95) remarks that at the time of the Norman Conquest the monks of St. Swithin's were accustomed to eat meat in the Refectory; but in consequence of the general reform of the Benedictine Order by Lanfranc in 1082, Prior Simeon abolished the use of it on ordinary occasions, allowing it only, according to the tenor of the rule, to the sick in the Infirmary. I n the year 1300 (vide Aug. Sacra, t. 1. p. 525), at a general chapter of the order held at Oxford, i t was left to the superior of each monastery to grant the dispensation in question to MONASTERY OF CHRIST· CHURCH IN . CANTERBURY. 61 retire to the Choir or Cloister, and apply themselves to reading, writing, or the repetition of the services or rule, else they will be severely puni~hed. ".A.nd because the brethren frequently complain that sometimes twenty of their number in one day decline theh• Depo1·tum, so that it thus often happens that only three or four being in the Deportum are present at the Mass of the Blessed Virgin, whereas by the approved custom of the Church eight brethren from the Deportum ought to be present every day : " To remove this cause of discontent, the master of the Infirmary must, every Sunday as usual, inform eight brethren, as many of the lower as of the upper of each choir, in the order of priority, that they may take their Deportum if they will, in the next week. .A.nd if any one of the eight _decline to accept it, he must, notwithstanding his refusal, be present every day of that week at the mass of the Blessed Mary, and on every Tuesday at the mass of the Blessed. Thomas, together with those who did accept the De-portum, lest through his -refusal the solemnity of these masses be diminished." It thus appears that as the insupportable tedium of the masses overbalanced the delights of the Deportum, the Archbishop hit upon the ingenious device of compelling the selected monks to attend the masses, but left them free to decline or accept the indulgences. No clue is given in the documents to the position of this Hall of Disport. It is likely that it was placed over the Buttery buildings to the west of the vestibule of the Refectory, so as to be in convenient juxtaposition with the passage from the Convent Kitchen. Its existence and its rules appear to have hitherto escaped the notice of every writer on Canterbury.1 1 In reference to Winchester, Milner (vol. ii. p. 95) remarks that at the time of the Norman Conquest the monks of St. Swithin's were accustomed to eat meat in the Refectory; but in consequence of the general reform of the Benedictine Order by Lanfranc in 1082, Prior Simeon abolished the use of it on ordinary occasions, allowing it only, according to the tenor of the rule, to the sick in the Infirmary. In the year 1300 (vide Ang. Sacra, t. i. p. 525), at a general chapter of the order held at Ox.ford, it was left to the superior of each monastery to grant the dispensation in question to 62 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE 8. Norman, Gallery, Prior's Chapel, and Library. The upper Norman gallery (g p n m, Fig. 6), leading from the Dormitory to the Lavatory and transept, when was low, Norman windows, placed one in each severy. B u t amongst the repairs which were carried on under Prior Chillenden. are "the passage the church Dormitory, with the repair of the Lavatory there, and below, a new shaving-house, leaded" (sect. 7).1 A l s o (sect. 8), "the enclosure on both sides of the cloister as Prior's' In accordance with these memoranda, the walls of the outlines of original Norman windows completely walled up. T h e upper Norman string-course remains, but the walls are raised' seven feet higher, and provided with high transomed two-windows, Chillenden's tracery in the head (vide Fig. 7). Instead of the four Norman windows, there are but two of the new between the Dormitory wall and the Lavatory, and these are placed without respect to the Norman descend below the Norman buttress it, discretion; but subject Statutes, Jan. above decision, possible in. de Ecclesia ad Dormitorium . . . . subtus nova rastura T h e same work the Obituary is described as Nova domus rastuirce.. The rastwra was process periodical shaving o f the monks: — The Promptorium Parvulorum gives Rastyr-schavynge Barbitondium." T h e Custumale Roffensis,' written has rainistrat rastu. ram." A Glossary same period the Promptorium ' has Raster shavynge Rana." 62 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE 8. NormC11J1, Gallery, Prior's Chapel, and Ldb1·a1y. The upper Norman gallery (q p nm, Fig. 6), leading from the Dormitory to the Lavatory and transept, when first built was low, and lighted by small Norman windows, placed one in each severy. But amongst the repairs which were carried on under Prior Chillenden (1390-1411) are" the passage from the church to the Dormitory, with the repair of the Lavatol'y there, and below, a new shaving-house, leaded" (sect. 7).1 Also ( sect. 8 ), " the enclosure on both sides of the cloister as far as the Priox's-' Camera.'" In accordance with these memoranda, the walls of the upper passage or gallery retain the outlines of the original Norman windows completely walled up. The upper Norman string-course remains, but the walls are raised· seven feet higher, and provided with high transomed two-light Perpendicular windows, with Chillenden's tracery ·in the head (vide Fig. 7). Instead of the four Norman windows, there ai·e but two of the new ones between the Dormitory wall and the Lavatory, and these are placed without respect to the Norman arches, although they descend below the- Norman buttress caps. . the members of it, according to his own discretion ; but this decision was a subjeot of great and general scandal. Winchelsey's Statutes, dated 18 Cal. J an. 1298, appear at first sight to be a consequence of the above decision, but, by a possible confusion in the date of the general chapter, they are placed nearly two years previous . to the meeting of that chapter. 1 "Via de Ecclesia ad Dormitorium .... et subtus nova rastu1·a plumbata." The same work in the Obituary is described as "Nova. via versus Ecclesiam & subtus domus rastwra. . . . " The word rastu,•a wns therefore employed as well for a process as for the house which was devoted to it, which the following quotations shew to relate to the periodical shaving of the monks: -The 'Promptorium Parvulorum ' gives "Rnstyr-howse or schavynge house. Barbitondium." The 'Custumale Roffensia,' w1-itten c. 1320, has " Saponem ministrat fratribus ad rastU:. 1-am." A Glossary of the same period as thQ 'Promptorium.' has " A :Raster cloth or a sha.vynge cloth. Ra.Ila." OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. ( 3 3 The pier arches o f the Lavatory tower and cylindrical wall above them, as high as the string-course, remain untouched, except addition buttresses, it to bear his addition to the height of the walls. I n elevation I have omitted all Chillenden's buttresses excepting the eastern one. T h e upper story, which contained the Lavatory itself, received high windows like those of the gallery, and its cylindrical plan was altered externally to a polygonal one; retaining, however, at the angles the original Norman buttresses, in the form of a semi-cylindrical shaft against a flat pilaster, like those o f apse o f St. Nicholas Caen. the same manner capital under the corbel table o f the roof. (Vide Pugin's 'Normandy '). T h e upper termination of those of the Lavatory are altered to suit the angular form of the new walls above by capping them with a pyramidal stone. The whole building is in a very dilapidated condition. T h e two last buttresses on the in. Gostling's engraving, very clumsily constructed, and the shown Fig. 7. lower story at first Cloister-garth, excepting on the south, where i t was bounded by the great Norman arch o f the cloister against which i t was built, which arch also remained until Chillenden's time, as will appear below. The vault of this lower story is a unique and beautiful I t central carried weight above, the pipes which were conveyed. drawing, more fully explained under the head of the water-works (vide Chap. X.). to the gallery above, we find that the MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 63 The pier arches of the Lavatory tower and cylindrical wall above them, as high as the string-course, remain untouched, except by the addition of buttresses, added by Chillenden to strengthen the tower and enable it to bear his addition to the height of the walls. In my elevation I have omitted all Chillenden's buttresses excepting the eastern one. The upper story, which contained the Lavatory itself, received high windows like those of the gallery, and its cylindrical plan was altered externally to a polygonal one; retaining, however, at the angles the original Norman buttresses, in the form of a semi-cyl~drical shaft against a flat pilaster, like those of the apse of St. Nicholas at Caen. They were probably finished in the same manner by a capital under the corbel table of the roof. (Vide Pugin's 'Normandy'). The upper termination of those of the Lavatory are altered to suit the angular form . of the new walls above by capping them with a pyramidal stone. The whole building is in a very dilapidated condition. The two last buttresses on the western half are now of red brickwork, shewn in Gostling' s engraving, very clumsily constructed, and the walls bound together at the angles, as shown in Fig. 7 . .The lower story was at first open on all sides to the Cloister-garth, excepting on the south, where it was bounded by the great Norman arch of the cloiste1· against which it was built, which arch also remained open until Chillenden's time, as will appear below. The vault of this lower story is a unique and beautiful specimen of early rib-vaulting. It springs from a large hollow central pillar, which carried the weight of the lavatory cistern above, the pipes for which were conveyed through the middle of the pillar, as shewn in the Norman drawing, and as will be more fully explained under the head of the water~works ( vid-e Chap. X. ). Returning to the gallery above, we find that the 64 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE effect of his work was to make it lofty in proportion to its breadth. I t is entered from the Dormitory by a plain four-centred doorway (at g, Fig. 6), and is about fourteen feet high and ten feet wide, and has a lowpitched wooden roof, sustained by slender wooden fourcentred arched ribs, on long legs, resting on corbels.' The opening from the gallery to the Lavatory chamber is a segmental pointed archway, richly molded with Perpendicular section o f Chillenden's time, and abutting with a discontinuous impost upon the vertical are square. The west door (e) o f the Prior's Chapel is crowded against this opening, being placed as far north as the dimensions of the gallery would permit, in order to set i t as near as possible to the centre of the west wall of the chapel. This difficulty will be understood by means of the Plan (Fig. 6). The southern branch the gallery has one of Chillenden's on each side, shews externally the walled-Norman windows, resembling every respect the architecture o f the eastern branch I t (m) in transept, thus the door The abutted great south B u t carried lower part window as to produce effect interior To avoid an is thrown_ gallery n) carries a gallery The This it dry. 64 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE effect of his work was to make it lofty in proportion' to its breadth. It is entered from the Dormitory by a plain four-centred doorway (at !l, Fig. 6), and is about fourteen feet high and ten feet wide, and has a low.:. pitched wooden roof, sustained by slender wooden fourcentred arched ribs, on long legs, 1·esting on· corbels.1 The opening (b) from the gallery to the Lavatory chamber is a segmental pointed archway, richly molded with the Perpendicular section of Chillenden's time, and abutting with a discontinuous impost upon the vertical sides of the high jambs, which are perfectly plain and square. The west door (c) of the P1·ior's Chapel is crowded against this opening, being placed as far north as the dimensions of the gallel'y would permit, in order to set it as near as possible to the centre of the west wall of the chapel. This• difficulty will be understood by means of the Plan (Fig. 6). • The southern branch of the gallery has one of Chil.:.. .. lenden's high windows on each side, and shews externally the walled-up Norman windows, resembling in ev~ry respect the architecture of the eastern branch above described. It leads straight to a doorway (m) in the north transept,- and thus to the north door of the Cathedral Choir. The Norman roof of the gallery abutted here against the transept wall below the sill of one of the two great south windows of that transept. But when the walls were raised by Chillenden, the new roof of the gallery, if citrried up to the transept wall, would have cut off the light from the lower part of this window so as to produce a disagreeable effect in the interior of the transept. To avoid this an arch is thro..,,vn across the gallery (at which ~1'li.es ~ thin gable wall to receive the gallery roof, at a sufficient distance from the window to prevent the obstruction of its light. The 1 This gallery owes its preservation to the convenience ii offers of a clry. shod approach to the church. OF CHRIST C.H.W.ICH I N CANTERBURY. 6 5 small space of gallery between this arch and the transept door is flat-roofed at a lower elevation, and a glazed window is also pierced in the thin gable to give light to the gallery. A t the south end of the eastern wall pf the gallery is a door (/) which opens to a long, narrow passage built against this east wall. Thi s originally contained a flight of stairs ascending northward to the old Library, which, as will appear below, was a chamber extending over the Prior's Chapel, and was entered by a door at its south-west corner. This narrow staircase is distinctly shewn in Johnson's plan, engraved by liollar for the Monasticon (1655), which is my authority for its existence. We may, now proceed to the history of the Prior's Chapel. The Obituary' informs us that Roger de S. Elphege, Prior from 1258 to 1263, completed a chapel between the Dormitory and Infirmary, which appears to have been dedicated to the Virgin Mary. 3 The style of its substructure shews that i t was begun by his predecessor. 3 This, which is known as the Prior's Chapel, intended the private use that officer, is placed on the south side of the Infirmary cloister, between the Lavatory tower and Infirmary. I t s floor was gallery, sustained ambulatory This replaced portion of the original south alley which occupied, as Thus from the great Cloister to the Infirmary was still preserved. B u t as this new substructure was more than twice as broad as the old one, the chapel was obtruded cloister-garth, cover Aug. 140. . " Dorraitorium Infirmariam bonorifiee perfeeit.'? I t s interior 64 Battely, Tlasted L. hi words :—" Rog'us St hane MONASTERY OF CHRIST _CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 65 small space of gallety between this arch and the transept door is flat-roofed at a lower elevation, and a glazed window is also pierced in the thin gable to give light to the gallery. At the south end of the eastern wall 9£ the gallery is a door (l) which opens to a long, narrow passage built against this east wall. This originally contained a flight of ·stairs ascending northward to the old Library, which, as will appear below, was a chamber extending over the Prior's Chapel, and was entered by a door at its south-west corner. This narrow staircase is distinctly shewu in Johnson's plan, engraved by Hollar fo1· the Monasticon (1655 ), which is my autho1·ity for its existence. We may now proceed to the history of the Prior's Chapel. The Obituary1 informs us that Roger de S. Elphege, Prior from 1258 to 1263, completed a chapel between the Dormitory and Infirmary, which appeai·s to have been dedicated to the Virgin Mary.2 The style of its substructme shews that it was begun by his predecessor. 3 This, which is known as the Prior's Chapel, being intended for the private use of that officer, is placed on the south side of the Infirmary cloister, between the Lavatory tower and Infirmary. Its :floor was on the level of the upper gallery, and was sustained by an open, vaulted ambulatory below. This 1·eplaced the portion _of the original south alley which occupied, as above explained, that position. Thus the covered access from the great Cloister to· the Infirmary was still preserved. But as this new substructure was more than twice as broad as the old one, the chapel was oqtruded -into the small cloister-garth, so as to cover part of the 1 Ang. Sac. p. 140 .. . . " Capellam inter Dormitorium & Infirmariam .honorifice perfecit.'? Its interior• dimensions were 64. ft. by 21 ft. 2 Enttely, p. 91. , 3 Hasted (vol. i. p. 440) says that in several of the windows were these words:-" R-og'us de s• Elphege dedit bane fenestram." _ VOL. VII. F 66 T H E 'CONVENTUAL 131JILDINGS 0 1 ' THE facade of the Infirmary Hall, diminish the already limited area, and destroy the symmetry of its form. Sufficient remains of the substructure of the chapel exist to shew the architecture of its walls, which were provided with strong buttresses north and south, o f which only the foundations remain, and with an unglazed window between each, as in the cloisters of its period. The design of this is, however, peculiar, as the annexed elevation of one severy (Fig. shews. I n this I have carefully delineated the peculiar disposition of the masonry, stone for stone. T h e great buttresses have been long since pulled down, leaving only their foundations. T h e corbels that supported the vaults still remain on the inside of the walls. B u t the vault itself, which sustained the pavement o f the chapel, and rested on four piers in the middle o f •the space (as shewn in. the Plan, Fig. 5), was destroyed at the end of the seventeenth century, when the chapel was pulled down to the • level of its floor, and the present incongruous time.' No trace of the original architecture of the chapel has been left, the exception door (e, 6), into the branches, close to the •Lavatory tower. B u t the style of the whole must, its date, have been late Early English. At the east end of the chapel, which is bounded by the gable wall of the Infirniary, a Perpendicular doorway (F, Fig. 6) through that wall remains at the north Another (S), the south wall; leads over a bridge (to the vestibule These will be explained below. next to be considered in. relation the This Library will be pulled down now that the new building on the site 66 THE -CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF TFlE . fa~ade of the Infirmary Hall, diminish the already limited area, and destroy the symmetry of its form. Sufficient l'einains of the substructure of the chapel exist to shew the architecture of its walls, which were provided with strong buttresses north and south, of which only the foundations remain, and with an unglazed window between each, as in the cloisters of its period. The design of this is, however, peculiar, as the• annexed elevation of one severy (llig. 7) shews. In this I have carefully delineated the peculiar disposition of the masonry, stone for stone. The great buttresses have. been long since pulled down, leaving only thehfoundations. The corbels that supp01ted the vaults still Temain on the inside of the walls. But the vault itself, which sustained the pavement of the chapel, and Tested on four piers in · the :middle of the space (as shewn in the ·Plan, Fig. 5 ), was destroyed at the end of the seventeenth century, ·when the chapel was pulled down to the :level of its fio0r, and the pre·sent incon .. gruous Library built of brick, in the style of that time.1 • No trace of the original architecture of the ·chapel itself has been left, with the exception of the Early English western door (c, Fig. 6), which opens into the gallery at the angle between its west and south branches; close to the ·Lavatory tower. But the style of the whole must, by its date, have been late Eady English. At the ·east end of the. chapel, which is bounded by the gable wall of the Infirmary, a :f>e1·pendicular doorway (F, Fig. 6) through that wall remains at the north corner. Another of similar style (S), at the east end of the south wall, leads over a .bridge (T) to the vestibule of the Treasury. These doorways, inserted by Chillenden, will be explained below~ . . • . • .' · • The next work to be considered in relation to the 1 This Library will be pulled down now tho,t the· new building on the ,aite of the Dormitory is completed. ' • • : MONASTERY :OF CHRIST CHURCH CANTERB17RY. 6 7 Chapel is the ancient Library, for the Obituary, by recording that Prior William Selling (1472-94) "adorned the Library, which is placed over the Prior's Chapel, with very beautiful carved work,"1 informs us of its connection with the chapel. But Godwin relates of Archbishop Chichely (1414- 43), that after spending a large sum in the repair of the Library of his Cathedral, he bestowed upon it many excellent books; and Somner, writing in 1640, before the original chapel was taken down to make way for the present building, tells us "that over this Chapel is the Church Library . . . b u i l t by Archbishop Chichely, and borrowed from the chapel or superadded, to it, the juniority of the work and the passage to it plainly intimate so much."' I t is evident, from Sornner's words, that the difference of architectural style between the Chapel itself and the Library was so great, as even to strike the antiquaries of that time; and we may therefore conclude, that the original open Early English roof of the Chapel had been removed on account of decay, in Chichely's time, and that the opportunity was embraced o f constructing above i t a chamber for the reception of the monastic library, after the manner of that period, by substituting for the high roof a fiat ornamental ceiling, with a floor above i t for the Library, raising the walls to supply windows, and covering the whole .with a flattened roof of the Perpendicular pattern. Such a work would correspond exactly with the above description quoted from Soniner. The access to i t was supplied by the long staircase, built against the east wall of the Norman gallery, men tioned above (p. 65). " Tararium supra Capellam Prioris .situatum perpulerit ccelaturti adornavit."—Wkarton, Aug. Sac. 145. 2 Battely's Somner,' p. 96. MONASTERY OF C}p1IST CHURCH ·;IN · C.4NTERBURY. 67' Chapel is the ancient Library, for the Obituary, by rec ·ol'ding that Pl'ior William Selling (14 72-94) " .adorned the Library, which is placed over the Prior's Chapel, with very beautiful carved work," 1 informs us of its con.nee-· tjon with the chapel. . But Godwin relates of Archbishop Chichely (1414- 43 ), that after spending a large sum in the repair of the Library of his Cathedral, he bestowed upon it many excellent books; and Somner, writing in 1640, before the original chapel was taken down to make way for the present building, tells us "that over this Chapel is the Church Library . . . built by Archbishop Chichely, and borrowed from the chapel or superadded to it, the j1=1niori.ty of the work and the passage to it plainly intimate so much."~ It is evident, from Somner's words, that the difference of architectural style between the Chapel itself and the Library was so great, as even to strike the antiquaries of that time ; and we μiay -therefore conclude, that the origh1al open Early English roof of the Chapel had been removed on account of decay, in Chichely's time, .and that the opportunity was embraced of const1·ucting above it a chamber for the reception of the monastic library, after the manner of. tb.~t .period, by substituting for the high roof a flat ornamental ceiling,· with a floor above · it for the Library, rai~t;1g the walls to supply windows, and cover.ing the WP.Ql!3 .with a :flattened roof of the Perpendicular pattern. Such a work would ·cor.: respond exactly with the above description quoted from Soniner. •• The access to it was supplied by the long staircase, . built• against the east wall of the Norman gallery, men.: tioned above (p. 65 ). ' • -1 ";Librarium supra. Capellam Prioris .situa.tum perpulorl\ Ceen on the south side of the Prior's ChapeP · But in· J ohnson's plan, already quoted, drawn _when the Prior's Chapel was still in existence, there is a square building laid down in the angle between the Norman passage and Chapel, the foundations of which are still visible ( at L, Fig. 5 ), about sixteen feet square, which lD.ust. be the substructure of the closet or oratory in question. The latter (e, Fig. 6) was entered, of course, from the Prior's Chapel by a lateral door at.d, and had another door opposite to l~ad : . 1 _ In Fig. 6, at d, e,f, g, I have .restored this hitherto unnoticed arrangement in accordance with my explunation of it. • • . . · OF CHRIST CHURCH. CANTERBURY. 7 3 directly to the hagioscopic chamber g by Steps, in a pas 'f A s floor of the recess is only about five feet above that of the passage, few steps would be required. After the Reformation, the slits became useless, and. their external enclosure and passage were allowed to fall into decay, or destroyed by the Puritans; and the Prior's Chapel was taken down, and the present brick Library erected in its stead, about 1700, the lopg staircase that led from the arched east door the gallery the ancient Library thrown out use. B u t about 1720 the present staircase, 1, 2 3 (Plan, Fig, 5), which leads from. the old chapel cloister under the Library up to this door, and church, families of the prebendaries and other Cathedral officers the precinct.' The long landing. 4) remains,, appears superfluous, is simply the site of the staircase of the old Library, as already shewn. mentioned in the list o f Chillenden's works (Appendix VI. sect. 8), means the' filling up enough keep off dreary blasts o f that must have annoyed the and pass this road from the great Cloister the Infirmary. Indeed, glazed. employed open arches and open tracery used earlier examples. This cloister, open on espe- shown of the 1727, a few alterations where The old plan, but because artist inserted i t plan, preserve plan, restoration above. :MONASTERY OF CHRIST CifCJRCff IN C.AN,TERBURY. 73 directly to the hagioscopic chamber g by steps, in a pas.,. -sage f running parallel to the Norman passage. As the :floor of the recess is only about five feet above that of the passage, few steps would be required. After the Reformation, the slits became useless·, and their external enclosure and passage we1·e allowed to fall into decay, or destroyed by the Puritans; and when t.he Prior's Chapel was taken down, and th~ present brick Library erected in its stead, about 1700., the lop.g stafrcase that led from the arched east door of the Norman gallery to the ancient Library became .also thrown out of use. But about 1720 the present staircase, 1, 2, 3 (Plan, Fig, 5 ),-which leads from the old chapel cloister under the Library up to this door, and thus to the chui·ch, was built for the convenience of the families of the ·prebendaries and other Cathedral officers dwelling within the precinct.1 The long landing· (4-) which remains,. and appears superfluous, is simply the site of the staircase of the old Library, as ahead y shewn. The enclosure of the cloister under the Chapel, mentioned in the : list of Chillenden's works (Appendix No. VI. sect. 8), means the· filling up of the lateral archways by walls, rising high enough to keep off the 9-reary blasts of wind that must have annoyed th~ ,monks, especially the sick and infirm, that had to pass , along this road from the great Cloister to the Infir: mary. Indeed, we find that in the later cloisters, glaze\i tracery was often employed instead of the open arch~ . ~nd open tracery used in the earlier examples. This · particular clo~ster, being open on both sides, was espe- , 1 This staircase is shewn in Dart's plan ofihe Cathedral, 1'127, which is • copied from Johnson's, with a few alfierations where required. Theola Library staircase is retained in this plan, but perhaps because the artist • forgot to erase 'it from Johnson's plan when he inserted the new staircase, I have inserted it in the ground plan, Fig. 5, to preserve the memory of ·it, but in the first floor plan, Fig. 6, have omitted it, and given the l'eetoration of the ancient private oratory, etc., described abOV:y means: of ladder. OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 7 7 when first completed, had an entrance from St:Andrew's chapel cut through the gable. O n the Treasury side it appears the form of a debased perpendicular arch, walled up, in the western recess, at X, Fig. 6., chapel side i t has pointed arch, within whinch, under a tympanum, is a debased arch, resting on two Norman jambs, the whole constructed with stones. taken from elsewhere.' presents to view, on each of its sides, two plain Norman arched recesses, separated by a central pier. Each pier has on its face a respond-shaft with a carved capital: the north and south piers are and deeper than the east and west piers, and rise upwards, interpenetrating the vault. A semicircular r i b -extends across the chamber from each capital to its direct opposite. Also, from each angle o f the chamber, a rib-arch of the same section extends across the chamber te its. diagonally opposite angle. These four arches intersect in the centre of the vault, where they are received Circular keystone. T h e diagonal as the circular ones, their greater span, are o f elliptical form. same level, and meeting at their highest point. ,the skeleton transverse sections. This divided by ribs into eight triangular segments, the each bounded outwards arched recesses The vaultingsurface each eastern recess, at observed the as door, completely walled and conjectures, great probability, that Norman described removed this position present one them cover MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 77° when first completed, had an entrance from St. 'Andrew's chapel cut through the gable. On the Treasury side it now appears in the form of a debased perpendicular a1·ch, walled up, in the weste1·n recess, at X, Fig. 6;, On the chapel side it has a late pointed arch, within: which, under a tympanum, is a debased arch, resting on two Norman jambs, the whole constructed with stones· taken from elsewhere.1 I have said that the interior of the Treasury chamber presents to view, on each of its· sides, two plain No.rman arched recesses, sepai·ated by· a central pier. Each pier has on its face a respond-shaft with a carved capital.· But the north and south piers are wider and deeper than the east and west piers, and rise upwards, interpenetrating the vault. A semicircular rib-arch extends across the chamber from each capital to its direct opposite. Also, from each angle of the chamber, a rib-arch of the same section extends across the chamber to its. diagonally opposite angle. These four arches intersect in the centre of the vault, where they are received upon a circular keystone. The diagonal arches spring from the same level as the circular ones, but, to allow for their greater span, they are of an elliptical form. The result is, a group of eight vault-ribs, all rising from the same level,· and meeting at their highest point. The .ribs form the skeleton of a dome, square in plan, but semicircular in its transverse sections. This dome is divided by its ribs into eight triangular segments, meeting in the centre, and each bounded outwards by one of the arched recesses of the wall. The vaultingsuiface of each segment rests outwards on the extrados 1 In the eastern recess, at Y, Fig. 6, Mr. Faussett has observed the_ traces of ·an earlier breach, as for a doo1·, complete]y walle.d up on both sides, and conjectures, with great probability, thai the Norrnan jambs above · described were removed from this position to their present one when the chambers over the Treasury were built, and the staircase leading to t-hem from the chapel was placed so as to cov~r this earlier entrance. 78 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE or outer line of the recessed arch of the wall, and laterally upon the transverse and diagonal semi-arch, which meet at the crown. The vaulting surface is therefore concave. A ribbed vault of this kind is termed octopartite, This noble and unique room i s twenty feet high, twenty-four wide from east to west, and twenty-two from north to south. O n the west side its windows have been obstructed by buildings erected against it, described below. the Canterbury group in which diagonal rib-vaulting appears. The vault of the pier, from which four arches spring to the middle responds the outer walls, the whole vault squares of ordinary vaulting with. diagonal ribs (vide This substructure, crypt of Conrad's choir, brings the floor of the Vestiarium, or a church, Ohapel, I t also be observed that the added about the end of the thirteenth is easily distinguished on the outside original rough I t two-Estria's .B u t Andrew's mortices surface, original decorative architecture, which sb.evv that the primitive of the Treasury was high-pitched and abutted that wall. T h e floor o f this chamber was by doraical and rubbish, so as to obtain surface. The chamber is reached by means of a narrow as above described, the Treasury. 78 • THE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF TllE or outer line of the recessed arch of the wall, and late-· rally upon the transverse and diagonal semi-arch, which meet at the crown. The vaulting surface is therefore concave. A ribbed vault of this kind is termed octo .. partite, having eight vaulting cells. • This noble and unique room is twenty feet high, twenty-four wide from east to west, and twenty-two from north to south. On the west side its windows have been obstructed by buildings erected against it, described below. • This is the earliest building of the Canterbmy g1·oup in which diagonal rib-vaulting appears. The vault of the substructure is also ribbed, but is sustained by a central pier, from which four arches spring to the middle 1·esponds of the outer walls, dividing · the whole vault into four squares of ordinary vaulting with diagonal ribs ( V'ide Fig. 5). This substructure, corresponding to the crypt of Com-ad's choir, brings the fioor of the Vestiarium, or Treasury, to a level with the upper church, the Prior's chapel, etc. It must also be obsetved that a chamber above the Treasury was added about the end of the thirteenth century, which is easily distinguished on the outside from the original by its rough walls. It is lighted by plain two.light windows, of De Est1·ia's time, and ·covered with a low-pitched roof. But the gable-wall of St. Andrew's Chapel retains, in this chamber, grooves and mortices sunk in its smface, and cutting through its originaf decorative architecture, which shew that the ptimitive roof of the Treasu1·y was high-pitched and abutted against that wall. The floor of .this chamber was formed by filling up the pockets of the great domical vault with earth and rubbish, so as to obtain a level surface. The chamber is reached by means of a na:rrow staircase, constructed as above described, between the· chapel and Treasmy. OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 7 9 To explain the names given to the Treasury it must be remarked, that in the middle ages and Treasury used vestments, but also the valuable ornaments and vessels, and even money, of the church. "Locus ubi modo asservantur sed cimeia, thesaurus pecunice." The officer in charge was Vestiarius, who similarly had the care of the vestments, ornaments, and treasures. The Vestiarium, of the Norman drawing had Treasury in later ages, and, as Somner tells us, was also known to former times by the name of Armarium, Armariolum. I t Seeretarium, and its keeper Saerista. After the dissolution of the monastery, the chapel of St. Andrew, becoming useless, for and the old Vestiarium reserved for church records, as at present. The rooms over the vault of the latter were Adjoining the west wall of St. Andrew's Chapel and Treasury, and. Auditorium itself being labelled Auditorium interim. This outer Audit- corner through the wall to the stair-turret of St. Andrew, and another (U), which is an ancient transomed door, into the Treasury or inner Audit-room. A s the stair-turret is entered from the Cathedral aisle by a door, the outer room was made accessible from that aisle, and also the Treasury itself. This outer room has a third door, in its corner, which is connected the south-. door Chapel as at present, must have been a covered bridge. The term Auditorium was applied to this chamber and the Treasury after the dissolution of the Priory, MONASTERY OF CHRIST OHU.RCH IN CANTERBURY, 7 9 To explain the names given to the Treasury it must be remarked, that in the middle ages Vestiarium and Tieas·ury were synonymous terms, for the first is defined by Ducange to be a place used not only for keeping of vestments, but also the valuable ornaments and vessels, and even money, of the church. "Locus ubi non modo vestes asservantU'r sed etiam cimelia, atque adeo thesau1-us et pecwnice." The officer in charge was Vestiarius, who similarly had the care of the vestments, ornaments, and ti;easures. The Vesticaium of the Norman drawing hacl obtained, for this reason, the English name of the Treasu1: 1 in later ages, and, as Somner tells us, was also known .to • forme1· times by the name of A1-nia'i·iwrn, or Ar1nariolum,,. It was also termed, in other places, Secreta1ium, and its keeper Saorista. After the dissolution of the monastery, the chapel of St.Andrew, be-coming useless, was fitted up as a vestry for- the Dean and Prebendaries, and the old Vestia1·ium reserved for church records, as at present. The rooms over the vault of the latter were also, in Somner's time, employed for this purpose. Adjoining the west wall of St. Andrew's Chapel and • the Trea.su1y, a narrow room is shewn in the early plan of Johnson, and labelled Auclitorium, exterius, the Treasury itself being labelled Auditoriurn interhw. This outer Audit- room (V, Fig. 6) has a door in its south comer pierced thl'ough the wall to the stafr-turret (Z) of St. Andrew, and another (U), which is an ancient transomed door, into the Treasury or inner Audit-room. As the stair-turret is ente,red from the Cathedral aisle by a door, the outer room was made accessible from that aisle, and also the Treasury -itself. This outer room has a third door, in its north comer, which is connected with the south-west door of the Prior's Chapel by a narrow passage, which as at present, must have been a covered bridge. The term A.uditori,um was applied to this chamber and the Treasm·y after the dissolution of the Priory, 80 T H E CONVENTUAL EUILUNGS OF THE when they were used. for auditing the accounts of the Chapter, and capitular business in. general. B u t about 1720, the incongruous Audit-house (J, Fig. 5, and W, Fig. 6), which now covers the ancient site of the narrow Auditorium exterius, but extended westward and northward so as to form a chamber of sufficient capacity for business, was built. I t is entered by the ancient way from the Cathedral aisle, but the stair-turret through which that way passed was 'deprived of the spiral stairs, and now resembles a dry well. T h e mode of communication at the north side, by an enclosed or " tubular " bridge Fig. 6), with the Prior's chapel, was also retained, that being the Chapter Library, which was convenient as an anteroom to the Audit-house. • Under this modern Audit-house is a smaller ancient substructure (vide H, Fig. 6), in the angle between the Norman stair-turret and the west wall of the crypt of St. Andrew's chapel, which is bounded on the north and west by two open Norman arches. I t is vaulted with narrow; diagonal, chamfered ribs, much later than the arches. This structure is fifteen feet wide externally, which exactly corresponds to the width of Johnson's Auditorium exterius by his scale. I t also joins the stair-turret of St. Andrew, in the same manner as in Johnson's plan. But in length it only reaches to the end of the wall of St. Andrew's chapel. A similar compartment of vaulting (as at I, Fig. 5) would have carried i t exactly to the centre of the west wall of the Treasury, where i t would have abutted against the central pier o f its subvault. B u t the present Audit-house extends beyond the older one westward and northward, as the plan shews. I t can scarcely be doubted that the Naman substructure we are considering is part of the foundation of the building represented by Johnson,' and its only purpose could be The ribs and vault of this substructure are xauch later than the piers, and indicate a reconstruction of theloriginal vault. 80 THE CO~TUAL BUILDINGS • O.F THE when they were used for auditing the accounts of the Chapter, and capitular business in general. But about 1720, the incongruous Audit-house (J, Fig. 6, and W, Fig. 6), which now covers the ancient site of the nar: row .Auditorium exterius, but extended westward and northward so as to fo1'm a chamber of sufficient capacity for business, was built. It is entered by the ancient way from the Cathedral aisle, but the stair-turret through which that way passed was-deprived of the spiral stairs, and now resembles a dry well. The mode of communication at the north side, by an enclosed or "tubular" bridge (r, Fig. 6 ), with the Prior's chapel, was also retained, that being the Chapter Lib1·ary, which was convenient as an anteroom to the Audit-house. • Under this mode1n Audit-house is a smaller ancient substructure (vide H, Pig. 6), in the angle between the Norman stair-turret and the west wall of the crypt of St. Andrew's chapel, which is bounded on the north and west by two open Norman arches. It is vaulted ·with nanow,diagon_ al, chamfered ribs, much l ater than the arches. This structure is fifteen feet wide externally, which exactly corresponds to the width of J ohnson's AuditO'riurn extetius by his scale. It also joins the stair-turret of St. And1·ew, in the same manner as in J ohnson's plan. But in length it only reaches to the end of the wall of St. Andrew's chapel. A similar compa1·tment of vaulting (as at I, Fig. 5) would have carried it e:x.actly to the centre of the west wall of the Treasury, whei:e it would have abutted against the central pier of its subvault. But the present Audit-house extends beyond the olde1· one :westward and northward, as the plan shews. It can scarcely be doubted that the N orroan substructure we a1·e considering is part· of the foundation · of the building . represented by J ohnson,1 and its only purpose could be .The ribs and vault of this substructure ll,re much later tbnn the piers, and indicate o. reconstruction of the\iriginal va.ult. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH TN CANTERBURY. 8 1 to supply a passage from the Cathedral aisle to the Treasury, which, without this gallery, could only have been entered by the door already described through the double wall which separates St. Andrew's chapel from the Treasury chamber. The it in with concave corbels. Viewed from the interior of the Treasury chamber this doorway is evidently seen to have been an insertion in the wall made after the completion of that chamber. F o r the upper part of a round-headed window, like the other windows of the chamber but walled up, is seen above the great transom stones which now form the lintel of the doorway. . The substructure of this ancient vestibule, consisting open arches, so as. conform position with those of the substructure of the Treasury, offered no obstruction to the thoroughfare from the great and small Cloisters to the cemetery of the monks. But when the modern Audit-house was built, its substructure northern passage through the Treasury vaults into the "gymewes" beyond, as the old cemetery was termed.' The abovementioned communication from the vestibule passage tubular shewn Johnson's the chapel by the south-eastern door (S); which is an insertion of century, south-east (1) of Norman gallery, anciently led, the long staircase, to the old Library. to give access the tubular bridge. B i n , as a previous door might have existed, i t gives no clue to the date of this connection 1 Vide Appendix, No. V I I I . VOL. V I I . MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH JN CANTERBURY. 81 to supply a passage from the Cat11eclral •aisle to the Treasury, which, without this galle1·y, could only have been entered by the door already described through the double wall which separates St. Andrew's chapel from the Treasury chamber. Th~ doorway (V, Fig. 6) between it and the Treasury, which is still iu use, is an ancient square-headed opening, with concave corbels. • Viewed from the interior of the Treasw·y chamber this doorway is evidently seen to have been an insertion in the wall made after the completion of that chamber. For the upper part of a round-headed window, like the other windows of the chamber but walled up, is seen above the great transom stones which now form the lintel of the doorway. . The substructure of this ancient vestibule, consisting of piers with open arches, spaced so as. to conform in position .with those of the substructure of the Treasury, offered no obstruction to the thoroughfare from the g1·eat and small Cloisters to the cemetery of the monks. But when the modern Audit-house was built, its substructure introduced more piers in front of .the Treasury, which evidently made it necessary to remove the northern half of the ancient substructure, in order to clear a sufficient passage through the Treasury va;ults into the Hgymewes" beyo-q.d, as the old cemetery was termed.1 • The abovementioned communication from the vestibule · to the Prior's chapel by a covered passage or .tubular bridge, sbewn in Johnson's plan, enters the chapel by the south-eastern door (S); which is an insertion of the fifteenth centUI'y, with moldings identical with those of the south-east door (l) of the ~ oTman gallery, that anciently led, by the long staircase, to the old Library. This door was plainly inserted t9 give access to the tubular bridge. But, as a previous door might have existed, it gives no clue to the date of this connection 1 JTide 'Distribution Document,' Appendix:,· No. VIμ. VOL. VU. G 82 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE the chapel supply Prior and direct own camera, mansion, through 10. Second Dormitory Third Dormitory or Necessarium. In Norman the eastern the south boundary of the Curia occupied by a long Necessarium, purpose. this portentous edifice were - sufficient enable me, to site, to, recover great part of its arrangements and dimensions. I t was a Norman frontage to the court 155 feet externally. The height of wall from the original base to the A t end transverse wall (a b, Fig. 12) separates ten wide, the north end of The Prior's the west end this Hall joined the great Dormitory,' frontage at that end is terminated by a square turret H Z). The Hall was reached from the Dormitory by a opened a vestibule against the south-west end of the Hall, from Necessarium Dormitory. This is an undoubted the are so preserved possible, union. Vide I n sketch seen Hall This that aware I t s moldings, delineated in corner of' show 82 THE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF TIIE between the chapel and vestibule, which was evidently arranged to supply the Priol' with a private and direct passage from his own came1·a, or man.~ion, through his chapel, to the Cathedral and Treasury. 10. Second JJ01mit01·y and Tlifrd JJm-mitoty or Neoessarium. In the Norman drawing we find the eastern half of the south boundary of the Curia occupied by a long building, labelled Neoessa1-iurn, a title which sufficiently explains its pnrpose. The ruins on the site of this portentous edifice weresufficien ·t to enable me, in my early visits to the site, to. recover great part of its arrangements and dimensions. It was a Norman Hall, with a frontage to the court of 155 feet externally. The height of the wall was thirty feet from the original base to the top. At the east end a transverse wa11 (a b, Fig. 12) separates a passage ten feet wide, which is the north end of the Prior's Entry. The frontage was still further extended. eastward by the Norman building which was surmounted by the Prim's chamber called the Gloriet. At the we_st ~nd this Ha.11 was joined to the great Dormitory,1 but projected fifteen feet in advance, and its frontage at that end is terminated by a square turret (HZ). The Hall was reached from the Dormitory by a door, P, in the east wall of the latter, which opened to a vestibule against the south•west end of the Hall, from 1 In the Norman drawing the Necessai·ium is detached from the Dormi-0 tory. This is an undoubted error; for the ruins are so distinctly preserved at the point of junction of the two buildings as to leave no possible·, doubt of the fact of their uni0n. Vide Fig. 11. In this sketch it will be selln that the gable of the Rall has a window in the form of a vesica piscis, with the longest diameter horizontal. This is the only example of such a window thnt I am aware of. Its moldings, delineated in: the corner of the engraving, shew it to be Norman. • • • OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERTIURY. 8 3 F i g . 11 .—REMAINS O N T H I R D A N D F I R S T DORMITORIES• second door, gave entrance to the latter, as shewn in my Plan (Fig. 12). the ancient Gall,' so essential to cleanliness and health, appears the The dormitory form square passage I t lueerna, plan, to range two parallel lines crossed by others, which shew the number of cells to have been only nine. The guesthouse, Abbot's house, bloodletting- Arch. Journal, 1. G 2 MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 83 ~~ - ,,-, 1 . - • • ..;I ~ • -==- . ::..l,,r - Fig. 11,-ll.EMAINS OJ! THilU) AND FffiST DORMITORIES. which a second dool', C, in the wall of the Hall, gave entrance to the latter, as shewn in my Plan (Fig. 12). In the ancient plan of St. Gall,1 this office, so essential to cleanliness and health, appears in several parts of the monastery. The dormitory is provided with one in the form of a square enclosure, connected to it by a long passage from the south-eastern corner of the great building. It has a lucerna, or lamp, marked in a corner of its plan, opposite to a rnnge of sedilia, indicated by two parallel lines crossed by others, which shew the number of cells to have • been only nine. The guesthou, se, the school, the Abbot's house, the bloodletting7 A1·r-h. J ournnl, vol. i. G2 84 T U B CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS O F THE house, the infirmary, and the Novices' convent, are each carefully provided with these conveniences. Remains of them may be observed in all monastic ruins, for they were substantially constructed of masonry with architectural character, and no attempt was made to disguise or conceal them. They have usually been converted or worked into prebendal houses, as at Canterbury, Worcester,' Durham, etc. I n all cases, a watercourse was led through them from one end to the other. This characteristic is a useful guide to distinguish this particular building in monastic ruins. • T h e arrangement of the interior of our Hall will be made more intelligible by quoting the account of the similar place at the monastery of Durham, preserved in the Rites of Durham' (p. 72), which ,follows the description of the. Dorter :— "Also there was a faire large house and a most decent place, adjoyninge to the west syde of the said Dorter towardes the water, for the monnkes and Novices to resort unto, called the Privies, which was maide with two great° pillers of stone that did, beare up the whole floore therof. "And every seate and partition was o f wainscott, close o f either syde, v-erie decent, so that one of them could not see one another when they weare in that place. "There was as many seates of privies on either syde as there is little wyndowes i n the walls, which wyndowes was to gyve Ieighte to every one of the said seates. "Which afterward was walled up to make the howse more close, and in the height of the west end there was iij fair glass wyndowes, and i n the southe syde, in the hight over the said seates is another faire glass wyndovve, which greate wyndowes doth gyve lighte to all the whole house." We may now return to Canterbury, and describe the inner structure of its Neeessarium (vide Section, Fig. 13). The interior of the Hall was originally 145 feet in length, 'and its breadth 25 feet. A strong, low, longitudinal wall 'Arch. Journal, vol. xx. p. 301. 84 THE CONYENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE house, the infirmary, and the Novices' convent, are each carefully provided with these conveniences. Remains of them may be observed in all monastic ruins, for tbey were substantially constructed of mas01uy with architectural character, and no attempt was made to disguise or conceal them. They have usually been converted or worked into prebendal houses, as at Canterbury, ·vv orcester,1 Durham, etc. In all cases, a watercourse was led through them from one end to the other. This characteristic is a useful guide to distinguish this particular building in monastic ruins. The arrangement of the interior of our Hall will be made more intelligible by quoting the account of the similar·place at the monastery of Durham, preserved in the 'Rites o~ Durham' (p. 72), ·which .follows the description of the. Dorter :- " Also there was a faire large house and a most decent place, adjoyninge to the west syde of the said Dorter towardes the water, for the monnkes and Novices to resort unto, called the Privies, which was maide with two greate pillars of stone that did beare up the whole £oore therof. " And every seate and partition was of wainscott, close of either syde, verie decent, so that one of them could not see one another when they weare in that place. . • ". There was as many seates of privies on either syde as there is little wyndowes . in the walls, which wyndowes was to gyve leighte to every one of the said seates. "Which afterward was walled up to make the howse more close, and in the height of the west end there was iij fair glass wyndowes, and in the southe syde, in the hight over the said seates is another faire glass wyndowe, which greate wyndowes doth gyve lighte to all the whole house." We may now return to Canterbury, and describe the inner strncture of itsNecessa'rium (vide Section, :Fig. 13). The interior of the Hall was originally 145 feet in length, ·and its breadth 25 .feet. A strong, low, longitudinal wall 1 Arch. Journal, vol. xx:. p. 801. Opposite page 85. PRIORS C A M E R A H A L L R M A N S I O N CHAMBER UNDER G L O R I E T C O U R T O P E N S P A C E , f i l 3 , 0 ' 1 7 , /11W,#'- i l # l ' i l J 7 , e 11 TH I RD S E C O N D D O R M I T O R Y D O R M I OR N E C E S S A R I T O R Y U M I K 4 i 1 4 . 1 , " A , V E S T I B U L E f ' • 3 z # , go,z jAv i I i I ' 1 I t I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I I l l _ I l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 / r i / - ! W M r / PORCH DP PRIORS ENTRY. 77. 1,..11r11,1 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 9 0 SCALE FEET 40 5 0 F i g . 1 2 .— P L A N O F SECOND A N D T H I R D DORMITORIES, W I T H ADJACENT B U I L D I N G S . I I I I I I I I PR I ORS I I I CAMERA I I I HA LL I I I OR I I MANSION I I I I I a. ' :w l ' I I I I I I I Lr 'T\ ~ THIRD Ofl 0 PEN S P A CE SECOND D O R MITORY ~ " ,', R !'' s ! ! T I •1 l l, : OORMliTORY : I • NEC E. SS AR ll UM • !, . • 't i l I l 'I : I I I l I 10 lh '. ------ l • --------- ------ I J ~ V EST ll:IV L E 8 .. SCALE OF l'EET Fig. 12.- PLA..'i OP SEC'01'"D A,.',D THffiD DORlIITORIES, WITH ADJACE:-IT BUILDINGS. 40 Oprositc JlB::C 85. tl 0 ::0 ~ so k 014' CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 8 5 (C D) separated the lower part into two portions of unequal northern seven The the divisionwall 0 D), a level coinciding, or nearly so, with that of the Dormitory. The height of the wall from this pavement was fifteen feet. T h e northern compartment formed a channel or fosse, which was bridged over by a row of seats, originally fifty-five i n number. B u t in the thirteenth (vide leads the to the Infirmary Cloister was constructed under the floor of the Necessarium Hall, by building the wall a By this alteration five seats were destroyed, reducing the total number to fifty. The conversion of this Hall into a Refectory for the officials of the new foundation at the dissolution, as will presently appear, explains the entire destruction of the partitions and seats which belonged to its primitive A l l these fittings, of stone or wood, were levelled to a height corresponding with the floor of the southern half of the room. B u t sufficient these sustained above the fosse remain in several places to the present time, to enable the construction of the whole to be understood. • A upper lines or horizontal extrados of which correspond level of the fosse. These arches are eight inches thick, and nearly two feet asunder; and the series extended from one end to the other of the Hall. Thus its floor was provided with a series of narrow, rectangular openings above the fosse, the distance from the centre of one to that of the other being two feet seven inches, which is MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 85 (C D) separated the lower part into t1rvo portions· of unequal breadth, the no1thern seren feet wide, the southern fourteen feet. The latter was filled with earth for the greater part of its length, to the height of the divisionwall (CD), upon which earth the pavement was laid at a level coinciding, or nearly so, with that of the Dormitory. The height of the wall from this pavement was :fifteen feet. The northern compartment formed a channel or fosse, which was bridged over by a row of seats, originally fifty-five in number. But in the thirteenth or following centuries the low passage (vide Fig. 12) or Prior's Entry which leads from the Green Court to the lnfirmary Cloister was constructed under the floor of the Necessarium Hall, by building the wall a b. By this alteration :five seats were destroyed, reducing the total number to fifty. The conversion of this Hall into a Refectory for the officials of the new foundation at the dissolution, as will presently appear, explains the entire destruction of the partitions and seats which belonged to its primitive employment. All these fittings, whether of stone or wood, were levelled to a height corresponding- with the floor of the southern half of the room. But sufficient portions of the masonry by which these partitions were sustained above the fosse remain in several places to the present time, to enable the construction of the whole to be understood. · A series of thin arches of masonry (A B, Fig. 13), the upper lin~s or horizontal extrados of which correspond with the level of the . present floor, cross the upper part of. the fosse. These arches are eight inches thick, and nearly two feet asunder ; and the series extended fro~ one·end to the other of the Hall. Thus its floor was provided with a series of narrow, 1·ectangular openings a.b ove the fosse ' the distance from the centre of one to • that of the other being two feet seven inches, which is 86 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE three inches wider than that allowed for the stalls of the choir. T h e length of each opening is contracted at flat connecting the lateral arches in a manner shewn by the nine F i g . 1 4 . — S I T I I VAULTS 0 1 , T H I R D DORMITORY. arches, near the west end original series. of' prebendal house, ruins, do others, near the eastern extremity of the series, in the now assigned to the master of the choristers. Six in the minor canon's houses, destroyed. in recollection. distances of these groups shewed that they were remains series, Hall.' I t thin bridges partitions A I I n indicated places remained examined this dot to 86 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE three inches wider than that allowed for the stalls of the choir. The length of each opening is contracted at the south end by the introduction of a small, fiat vault, connecting the lateral arches in a manner shewn by the drawing (Fig. 14), which represents a series of nine of [-'-$.. :·s-=-==:..--=-?-f\1 ·-------- ? ~ =~- ~ - ~-~ ~ -Fig. 14.-SUBVAULTS OF TllffiD DOll.MlTOll.Y. these arches, near the west end of the original series.• These were preserved in the cellars of the twelfth prebendal house, and still remain in the 1·uins, as do eight others, near the eastern extremity of the series, in the house now assigned to the master of the choristers. Six. others, shewn in the plan, remained in the cellars of the minor canon's houses, destroyed in my recollection. The distances of these groups shewed that they were the remains of a continued .series, extending along the whole north side of the Hall.1 It is manifest that the thin-bridges sustained the partitions (probably of wood) which separated the cells. A 1 In the Plan, Fig. 12, I have indicated the places of the bridges that remn.ined when I first examined this structure, by placing a small dot~ . opposite · to each of them. THIRD DORMITORY. Fig. 13. SRCO•ND DORMITORY. Opposite page 87. / - -----,N ( l THnID DOlUIITORY. Fig. 13. SECO)<"D DORlliTORY. MONASTERY OR CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 8 7 .partition wood, doors, wae carried south wall (0 D Fig. 13) of the fosse,' and the wooden seats (A) were erected against the north wall, immediately above the narrow openings, and framed into the partitions. The form of the bottom of the fosse (B D) has not .been ascertained, but must have been concave. I t was supplied by a running stream, produced by turning the waste-water and rain-water of the monastery into this channel (Chap. X. on Waterworks '). The north wall rests on a series of arches (B), one of which is shewn in the perspective Sketch (Fig. 11). These were probably walled up, as one of them, at IT, Fig. 12, is at present, and another at the west end.' In the documents, the epithets applied to the name Dormitory shew that more than one conventual building bore that name. Thus, in the Obituary, Chillenden is said to have repaired the Magnum Dormitorium. I n the decree of Chapter, 1547, i t was ordered that the Great Dortor be taken down, and the materials employed in building lodgings for the Petty Canons and Vicars: in describing the aqueduct repaired by Chillenden, its course is traced " t o the head of the third Dormitory, where i t is turned into the aqueduct in 1 The 'Revue Arch4ologique' for 1850 (t. 7, p.117) contains a description; with engraving, of the ruins of the Abbaye de Maubuisson by M. lierard. Amongst these are the remains of a Latrine of precisely similar construction. A n extremely deep fosse is formed partly by high walls and partly by sinking into the ground. T h e upper part, at the level of the floor, is covered by a series of parallel, thin bridging-arches, as at Canterbury (but pointed instead of circular). These are joined by stone slabs (corresponding to the small vaults in our example), and thus form a fiat, level floor pierced by parallel slits, over which the seats were placed. B u t no fragment of construction remains above this floor to show their real form., The Latrine is joined to the corner of the Dortoir des Novices, in the same way as at Canterbury. a There were twelve of these arches originally, of which the easternmost was destroyed, when the Prior's entry was made. The piers W,W, X, X, still remain, and some other intermediate ones still existed in my memory. l\!ONAST.ERY OF CIDUST CHURCH IN C.ANTERBURY. 87 -long pru:tition of woo~ with · doors, was can1.ed by the south wall (C D Fig. 13) of the fosse, 1 and the wooden seats (A) were erected ~o-ainst the north wall, immediately above the narrow openings, and framed into the partitions. The form of the bottom of the fosse (B D) has not .been ascertained, but must have been concave. It was supplied by a running stream, produced by turning the waste-water and rain-water of the monastery into this channel ( vide Chap. X. on ' Yv aterworks '). The north wall rests on a se1·ies of arches (B ), one of which is shewn in the perspective Sketch (Fig. 11). These were probably walled up, as one of them, at V, Fig. 12, is at present, and another at the west end.2 • In the documents, the epithets applied to the name Dormitory shew that more than one conventual building bore that name. Thus, in the Obituary, Chillendeu is said to have repau·ed the Magnum JJorniitorimn. In the decree of Chapter, 154i, it was ordered that the G1·eat 1)01•tor be taken down, and the materials em~ ployed in building lodgings for the Petty Canons and Vicars; in describing the aqueduct repaired by Chillenden, its course is traced " to the bead of the tliird JJormitory, where it is turned into the aqueduct in 1 The 'Revue .A.rch6ologique ' for 1850 (t. 7, p. 717) contains a. desc1·iption; with engraving, of the ruins of the Abba.ye de Maubuisson by M. Hera.rd . .Amongst these ru:e the remains of a Lat1·ine of precisely similar construction. .A.n extremely deep fosse is formed partly by high walls and partly by sinlong into the ground. The upper part, at the level of the floor, is covered by a. series of parallel, thin bridging-arches, as at Canterbury (but pointed inst-ea.cl of circular). These are joined by stone slabs (corresponding to the small vawts in our example), o.nd thus form a flat, level floor pierced by parallel slits, over which the seats were placed. :But no fragment of construction remains above this 1loor to shen,. their real form. The Latrine is joined to the corner of the JJor"toir des Novices, in the same way as at Canterbury. 2 There were twelve of these arches originally, of which the easternmost was destroyed when the Prior's entry was made.· The piers W, W, X, X, still remain, and some other intermediate ones still existed in my memory. 88 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE the third Dormitory."' Gostling, who entirely misconceives the construction Great Dormitory,also mentiops the "Little ;" but I with that epithet i n the documents, I presume he i t by the existence Great Dortor, as we may more reasonably suppose that a third Dormitory implies the existence o f two others. the mention the aqueduct in Dormitory" identifies that name with the Neeessarium, into the fosse of which the rain-water from the roofs o f the Convent and the waste o f the waterworks was east end, as passe Court into the town ditch. T h e name is probably a cant one,' perhaps derived from the habit o f dozing in the recesses of this apartment, which may be inferred from the duties watchman, namely, to examine a l l the sedilia at night, lest any monk should be asleep there, in which case he is enjoined not to disturb the sleeper rudely touching make some l i t t l e noise may rouse him.' "• . . . tune se aqueduct= tercio Dormitorio." (Chillenden's List, sect. 8.) o. xxvii., the Dortor,) his there Donors, the monks. T h e great one, 15417, Dormitory; but he imagines i t to have been fitted with court, cloister-fashion. T h i s ingenious device conceive, accepted present A f ter completing his 181), The the toward Darter," i t necessary-Dormitory, minor canons. H e wrote, i t after _Darter, as calls 3 The use of similar cant names for these conveniences is retained to the present as, example, fourth court," in Cambridge; "number six," Oxford; 7211.171er0 cent," Continent. . " Circumitores quos alio nomine Circas ' vocant, juxta 88 THE CONVEN'l'UAL BUILDINGS OF THE the tliird 1Jormit01:1."1 Gostling, who entirely misconceives the construction of the Great Dormitory,2 also mentions the" Little Dortor ;'' but as I have never met with that epithet in the documc:nts, I pxesume he inferred it by contrast, from the existence of a Great Dortor, as we may ,tnore reasonably suppose that a tMrd JJormitory implies the existence of two others. But t1ie mention of the aqueduct in the "Third Dormitory" identifies that name with the Necessa1ium, into the fosse of which the rain-water from the roofs of the Convent and the waste of the waterworks was turned at the east end, as above mentioned, and pass~ ing out at the west was conveyed under the Green Cotu-t into the town ditch. The name is probably a cant one,3 perhaps derived from the habit of dozing in the recesses of this apartment, which may be inferred from one of the duties assigned by Lanfranc to the Circa, or watchman, namely, to examine all the sedilia at night, lest any monk should be asleep there, in which case he is enjoined not to disturb the sleeper J.'udely by touching him, but quietly to make some little noise or stir that may rouse him.1. 1 " •••• ad caput tercii dormitorii et tune vertit se ad aqueductum in tercio Dormitol'io." (Cbillenden's List, sect. 8.) 2 Gostling (c. :uvii., Of tke Dorto1•,) informs h is readers that thero were two Dorto,·s, or lodgings for the monies. The great one, taken down in 1547, which he describes, is that which is now by common consent termed the Dormitory; but he imagines it to have been fitted up within wit,h galleries round a little coul't, cloister•fashioo. This ingenious device will not, I conceive, be accepted in the present time. After completing his description, he continues (p. 18lj, " 1'he range of high. building from the Dark Entry to,vnrd the Larder-gate is part of the Little Dortr-..J' ~~--;~ -~--- ,.---. ---- .. -i-\f-J!":S'~-.. ' --;;-- V l - UTTINO . .fo .. Fig, 17.-NORTR END 01' THE OlIElOm DUlLDING. chatnber above has two single-light windows, exactly like one that remains in the wall of the second story of the chambers above described, over the Innnnary Cloister, and shews them all to belong to one work. The wall over the double arch is ruined above, but must have had similar windows in the second story. In the east wall of the passage, between the double arch and the south door of the P1·ior's Entry, are the lower 104 T H E CON VENTUAL BUILDINGS OP THE parts of two large Perpendicular two-light transomed windows, one of which appears in the sketch, their sills• seven feet from the ground, and their width five feet in the clear. T h e top of the window when complete rose as high as the second floor of the ranges of chambers already described. This is evidence that the building on the other side was a lofty Hall, probably the Dining Hall of the Camera Prioris mentioned in Winchelsey's Statute, p. 95 above. I t was part of a range of buildings that lined the eastern boundary o f the Prior's Entry, extending from the south wall of the Infirmary to the Green Court. The Hall may have reached south to the side-aisle wall of the Infirmary, or may have had chambers between its south end and that wall. T h e north end was bounded by a pre-existing building (28, Plate 3), of which sufficient traces remain to enable us to fix the position and form of its "north gable wall, the lower part of which was Norman, and retains on the ground a Norman arch walled up. I t s north face ranges with the wall o f the Necessarium. This building was divided by floors. The description of Chillenden's drain, already mentioned in the history of the Sub-Priory, informs us that, after crossing the Sub-Prior's Camera and the great Hall of the Infirmary, it runs lengthwise alOng thePrior's private Camera,' and so by the chamber under the Gloriet to the head of the third Dormitory, and. so is turned into the aqueduct in the third Dormitory. But Prior G-oldston, a century afterwards, repairing the same drain, we Obtain from the Obituary this part of its course, described as passing from the Sub-Prior's Camera, along the mansion of the Lord Prior, to the head of the third Dormitory. The course of this great drain, which I have laid down in my plans (Plates 2 and 3) by the help of Wilkes's Per Cameraniprivatarn Prioris hi longitudino.' 2 P e r Mansionom Domith Prioris.' 104 THE CONVENTUA.L BUILDINGS OF THE parts of two large Perpendicular two-light tl'ansomed windows, one of which appears in the sketch, their sills - seven feet from the ground, and their width five feet in the clear. The top of the window when complete rose as high as the second floor of the ranges of chambers already described. This is evidence that the building on the othe1· side was a lofty Hall, probably the Dining Hall of the Camera Prioris mentioned in ,vinchelsey's Statute, p. 95 above. It was part of a range of buildings that lined the eastern boundary of the • Pd.or's ·Entry, extending from the south wall of the Infirmary to the Green Court. The Hall may have 1·eached south to the side-aisle wall of the Infirmary, or may have had chambe1·s between its south end and that wall. The north end was bounded by a pre-existing building (28, Plate 3), of which sufficient traces remain to enable us to fix the position and form of its ·north gable wall, the lower part of which was Norman, and retains on the ground a Norman arch walled up. Its no1·th face ranges with the wall of the N ecessarium. Thi~ building · was divided by floors. The description of Chillenden's drain, already mentioned in the history of the Sub-Priory, informs us that, after crossing the Sub-Prior's Camera and the great Hall of the Infirmary, it runs lengthwise along tltePrior's private Oamera,1 and so by the chamber under the Gloriet to the head of the third Dormitory, and so is turned into the aqueduct in the third Dormitory. But Prior Goldston, a century afterwards, repail'ing the same drain:, we obtain from the Obituary this part of its course, described as passing from the Sub-Prior's Camera, along the mansfon of tke Lord Prior,2 to the head of the third Dormitory. The course of this great drain, which I- have laid down in my plans (Plates 2 and 3) by the help of Wilk.es's 1 ' Per Camerntn privatnm Prioris in longitudinc.' 2 ' Fer Mansionem Do'mini Prioris".' MONASTERY OE CHRIST' CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 0 5 plan, shews that it passed, as described, across the Infirmary of' drain in the Necessarium, or third Dormitory. Thus the north end of the range of building, and the whole range Mansion," Camera," that is to say, containing, in addition to chambers for hospitality, his own private apartments and a study. against which the Prior's mansion and the Cheker building abutted, occupied by an enclosed appendage, containing staircases and passages which gave access to apartments of this complex and rambling edifice (vide Fig. 5, r, s, t, g, and Fig. 6, J, K, L). richly-north end the east alley of the Infirmary Cloister, open into this enclosure. That on the left (W, Fig. 5) has, time out of mind, borne the name of the Prior's Doorway, and is a large and handsome one, decorated rich panel spandrels, same artist who made the new doorway of the Dark Entry in I t passage connecting north aisle Infirmary. A t the south-angle of that Hall is a circular vice now deprived of steps, leading to the first and second floors. The enabled him pass Hall right-hand door (V, Fig. 5) in the Infirmary cloister is at the foot of a broad stone staircase, which, right angles (at S, Fig. 6), reaches the door of MONASTERY OF CHRIST. CHUltCH IN CANTERBURY. 105 plari, shews that it passed, as described, across the Infh·mary and in front of this long range of building, turning westward under the north chamber, and thus joining the drain in the N ecessarium, or third Dormitory. Thus the Gloriet is shewn to have been the upper chamber at the north end of the range of building, and the whole range to have been the "Prior's Mansion,'' or "Private Camera,'' that is to say, containing, in addition to chambeTs for hospitality, his own private apartments and a study. The west end of the north aisle of the Infirmary Hall, against which the Prior's mansion and the Cheker building abutted, was occupied by an enclosed appendage, containing staircases and passages which gave access to the apartments of th.is complex and rambling edifice (vide Fig. 5, 1·, s, t, q, and Fig. 6, J, K, L). Two richly-molded doorways, near the north end of the east alley of the Infirmary Cloister, open into this enclosure. That on the left (W, Fig. 6) has, time out of mind, borne the name of the Prior's Doorway, and is .a large and handsome one, decorated with rich panel tracery in spandrels, manifestly the work of the same artist who made the new doorway of the Dark Entry in the great Cloister. It enters a short passage (q) on the -ground, which meets a transverse passage (s, r) connecting the ground-floor of the Prior's Mansion or Hall with the north aisle of the Infirmary. At the south-west .angle of that Hall is a circular vice (t), now deprived of its steps, leading to the first and second floors. The "Prior's Doorway." enabled him to pass from his entry .or the Infirmary cloister straight to his Rall and garden, or to the chambers above at the south end of that Hall, and in the Cheker building. The right-hand door (V, Fig. 5) in the In:firmru:y cloister is at the foot of a b1·oad stone staircase, which, ascending first in a direct flight, and then turning twice at right angles (at· J, K, Fig. 6), reaches ·the door of 106 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF MEM i t A turret, staircase, Infirmary. This turret contains a second vice, which floor within the roof .of the building, and also to the B y disposition stairs Cheker has staircase, with door in the Infirmary leading only.' A l l arrangements are shewn the plans (Figs. 5 and 6). attempt further the works Hathbrande, and Chillenden. I will merely add that the Obituary concludes works, laudably is called " Pavid Chamber," with two other chambers. lastdescribed mansion the Necessarium, which entry was borrowed, and was apparently closed by an archway with gates, ranging with the boundary line of the court. B u t in the fifteenth century the entrance I t therefore probable Cheher chamber counting-modern doorway staircase, between and Infirmary, I1, level against gable Library through P) that such ancient I t probably passage Prior's chapel his chamber "—" de capella Prioris ad "—mentioned repairs. 106 THE CON'VENTU.A.L BUILDINGS OF THE the Cheker first floor, where it stops. A tuITet, with a picturesque octagonal upper story, crowns this staircase, rising through the roof of the old side aisle of the Infirmary. This turret contains a second vice, which begins on the second floor and leads upwards to a third floor ·within the roof ·of the building, and also to the top of the -turret. By this disposition of the stairs the first floor of the Cheker building has a separate staircase, with a door in the Infirmary cloister leading to that floor only.1 All these arrangements are shewn in the plans (Figs. 5 and 6). So much of these buildings have been destroyed that it would be a vain and useless task to attempt any further identification of the various old and new chambers recorded in the works of De Estria, Hathbrande, and Chillenden. I will merely add that the Obituary concludes Chillenden's works, by saying that he laudably repaired the stone building next the Prior's Hall, which is called " Pavid Chamber," with two other chambers. The north end of the Prior's entry separates the last• described mansion from the ·N ecessarium, from which that entry was borrowed, and was apparently closed by an archway with gates, ranging with the boundary line of the court. But in the fifteer1th century the enti- ance was faced by the addition of the projecting tower 1 It is therefore probable that the Cheker chamber or counting-house on the first floor was separated from the guest chambers at the north end of that floor by a transverse partition. A modern doori-l'ay and staircase, placed in the Infirmary cloister between the old Prior's doorways at the north end ancl. the central west door of the Infu-mary, conducts to a passage or enclosed gallery (R, Fig. 6) on the le,,el of the first floor, which is built against the inside of the gable wall of the Infirmary, and leads to the present Library tlu:ough an ancient Perpendicular doorway (F) which gave access to the Prior's Chapel. This proves tbatsueh a passage existed before the Reformation, and led from the ancient.stair-turret to the Chapel. It is probably the "passage from the Prior's chapel to his chamber "-" via de capella Pr~orie ad cameram suam "-mentioned under Chillenden's ,·epai:rs. Olv CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 0 7 porch, (vide This the their corresponding corners, and in that angle is placed a circular turret staircase, with doors at its base into the one and the other. T h e porch has a rich ribbed vault, a handsomely molded entrance arch, and moldings the north wall o f the Necessarium, which forms the south wall of the porch. The gateway tower appears to be the work of Prior Selling, recorded in the Obituary, where we find that "built a certain tower contiguous to the Prior's chamber termed the Gloriet, which tower, now lately called the he built of stonework from the foundations, decently ornamented its interior, covered it with lead, and finished i t with glazed windows."1 in. question was the Dean's Study in Gostling's time, a traditional name which completes the identification of it with Selling's work. 3. New Lodging the buildings exception are now only the Prior's chambers by his successors the Deans.2 The present is long, rambling edifice, extending about struc- Pr Sellyng, edificavit turrim quandam, camera3 Prioris vocataa Gloriet contiguara. Quam opere lapideo a fundamentis erexit erectamgue decenter ornavit ac fenestrisgue plate I n the Anglia his' studiwn" for reading books when he had leisure. " Habuit etiarn This also brewhouse, Court. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CA.NTERJ3URY. 107 gateway, or rather pmch, which is known as the Prior's Gate (vide Fig. 12). This touches the Gloriet building at their corresponding corners, and in that angle is placed a circular turret staircase, with doors at its base into the one and the other. The porch has a rich ribbed vault, a handsomely molded entrance arch, and a low pointed arch with similar moldings inserted into the north wall of the N ecessarium, which forms the south wall of the porch. The gateway towei· appears to be the work of Prior Selling, recorded in the Obituary, where we find that he " built a certain tower contiguous to the Prior's chamber termed the Gloriet, which tower, now lately called the Prior's Study, he built of stonework. from the foundations, decently ornamented its interior, covered it with lead, and finished it with glazed windows."1 The chamber in question was called the Dean's Stitdy in Gostling's time, a traditional name which completes the identification of it with Selling's work. 3. New Lodgin_q and Deanery. We have now surveyed the remains of all the buildings assigned to the Prior, with the exception of those which are now the only part of the Prior's chambers retained by his successors the Deans.2 The present Deanery is a long, rambling edifice, extending about 180 feet, and exhibiting a patchwork of several struc- 1 P• Sell,;;n,g, 1472-94, edin.ca.vit tu.rrim quandam; camerre Prioris vocatre La Glo1•iet contiguam. Quam quidem turrim modo studium Prioris appellatum opere lo.pideo a fundamcntis erexit erectamque interius decenter orna7it ao cum coopertura de plumbo fenestrisque vitreatis plene consummavit. In the biography of Prior Crauden, in the' Anglia Sacra,' ·i. 649, we are told that in his· Priory buildings at Ely he had a private " studium "· for reading books when he had leisure, "Habuit etiam ibidem studium suum pro libris, quum sibi vacaverit, inspiciendis." Thie passage shews that the word is used in its modern sense. 2 Excepting also the brewhouse, stables, etc., on the north side of the Green Co1ll't. • 108 T i i h CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OP THE ages, pierced modern windows, and having modern roofs. I t s anomalous composition be easily the elucidation of which have drawn block below).1 But as the history of this particular structure can to nature of its modern interior, I have indicated by capital on principal subdivisions, without windows.2 building by Percy at the beginning by and Gostling, We have seen that the Prior's lodgings were originally two groups,---first the neighbourhood of the buildings appropriated to the monastic connected with his own private apartments, and covered to his Chapel, grown the Camera Vet= Priori& as a nucleus. The second under the name o f the Homors, is similarly placed on and near the site of the Camera of the 1 This accuracy; for the object history and arrangement monastic I the partitions distributions the houses that were fitted walls after Dissolution, In describing the internal arrangements Deanery, I addition private has also communicated me Rev. Prebendary Lincoln of recollections 9f the 108 THE CONVENTU.A.L BUILDINGS OF THE tures, of different ages, pierced with modern windows, and having modern roofs. Its anomalous corn position will be easily accounted for by considering its history, for the elucidation of which I have drawn the block Plan (Fig. 18, page 110 below).1 But as the history of this pru:ticular structm·e can scarcely be understood without referring to the general .nature of its modern interior, I have indicated by capital letters on the Plan the principal subdivisions, with ·out inserting modern doors and wi'ndows.2 The north part of the building shews the form of it, before the alterations made by Dean Percy at the beginning of this century, as far as can be gathered from Gostling's view, the plans given by Hill and Gostling, and the reminiscences of Mr. Gilbert. We have seen that the Prior's lodgings were originally included in two groups,-the first in the neighbourhood of the buildings appropriated to the monastic life, connect~d with his own private apartments, and provided with covered ways to his Chapel; the Church, and the Dormitories, this group having grown up from _the Camera Vetus Prioris as a nucleus. The second group, under the name of the Hom01·s, is similarly placed on and near t4e site· of the Camera Nova of the Norman drawing. l This Plan has no pretensions to minute accuracy; fo1• the object of this work is to illustrate the history and arrangei:μent of the monastic buildings, and I have not in any case attempted to measure and plan · the interior partitions and distributions of the houses that were fitted up within the old walls after the Dissolution, to adapt them for family residences. . 2 In describing the internal arrangements of the Deanery, I have to .acknowledge the kind assistance of the Dean of Canterbury, who, in addi_ tion to much prh'ate information, has also communicated to me a letter detailing the distribution of the apartments before the alterations of Dean Percy, written by the Rev. G. Gilbert, Prebenda.ry of LiricoJn and Vicar .of.Syston, near Grantham, whose recollections of the .Deanery date from t.he year 1800. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 0 9 But the Obituary mentions a third set of buildings, the work of Thomas Goldston, the last Prior but one who i s recorded t o have " b u i l t and completed a new, beautiful, and excellent edifice, commonly called near the ancient house of Prior called Le Gloriet.' I t contains chambers, solars or upper chambers, and every appendage requisite to complete such a mansion. I t is also provided with a handsome porch towards the court." This description, unlike the early notices, implies that this great Hospitium, or Diversorium, was not a mere repair of old structures, but an entirely new one for I t These characteristics apply completely to the which also faces the great gardens of the Prior on the east side, and extends on the north to the stables and offices, which at the Dissolution were separately assigned to the Dean and Prebendaries. O n the court. I t was perfectly natural, therefore, that this portion Prior's buildings should have been chosen by the first Dean, Nicholas Wotton, as his residence. H e held the Deanery for twenty-six years, to the reign of Elizabeth, and was succeeded by Thomas Goodwyn, or Godwyn, in 1556, was a married man, and was promoted to the see of Bath and in 1584. B u t Battely informs us2 that, in this Dean's time, the houses belonging to the Deanery had been very much damaged an. he them, the Novum quoque tedificium, vulgariter voeatura juxta antiquam mansionem vocatam ?mills puichrum cosnaculis solarfis idem asdificium concernentibus, cum porticu versus curl= et cum omni apparatu ad matron dicta) mansionis pertinente, magnifice laudabiliter 2 P. MONA.STERY OF CHRIST OHUROH IN CANTERBURY. 109 But the Obituary mentions a third set of buildings, the work of Thomas Goldston, the last Prior but one (1495-1517), who is recorded to have "built and completed a new, beautiful, and excellent edifice, commonly called New Lodgyng, near the ancient house of the Pri01· called Le Gloriet.1 It contains chambers, dining-halls, solars or upper chambers, and every ap~ pendage requisite to .complete such a mansion. It is also pro-vided with a handsome porch towards the court." This description, unlike the eady notices, implies that this great Hospitium, or IJiversorium, was not a mere repair of old structUl'es, but an entirely new one for hospitality alone. It faced the court, and was near the Gloriet. These characteristics apply completely to the Deanery, which also faces the great garde11s of the Prior on the east side, and extends on the north to the stables and offices, which at the Dissolution were sepa~ rately assigned to the Dean and Prebendaries. On the west it appears as a complete mansion, commanding the court. It was perfectly natural, therefore, that this portion • of the P1·ior's buildings should have been chosen by the :first Dean, Nicholas Wotton, as his 1·esidence. He held the Deanery for twenty-six years, to the· reign of Elizabeth, and was succeeded by Thomas Goodwyn, or Godwyn, in 1656, was a married man, and was promoted to the see of Bath and Wells in 1584. But Battely informs us2 that, in this Dean's time, the houses belonging to the Deanery had been very much damaged by an accidental fire, and be left them, and the house 1 Goldston, 1495-1517. Novum quoque mdifioium, vu.lgariter vocntum New Lodgyng, juxto. antiquaxn Priorum mn.neionem vooatam Le Gloriet, • satis pulchrum atque formosum, cum cameris, ccenaculie eolniis et cmteris appendiciis idem rodificium concernentibus, cum porticu decenti versus curiam et cum omni apparatu ad ornatnm d.ictro mansionis pertinente, magnifies et la.udabiliter consummavit. ~ P .. 122, quoting a MS. of Somner. T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE in Chartham belonging to the Deanery, so dilapidated that, in the year following, he was threatened by the Church sued, to put the same into repair. Hence, it is said, that he rebuilt the Deanery. H i s name, and the date (1570), recorded in stone on two heads of the house,' shewed, in Gostling's time, when and by whom it was built.2 The view of the Deanery given by G-ostling represents the main body as a mansion-house, the front of which is surmounted as now by three triangular gables in contact, and a high-pitched roofs O n the south, the house abuts against the tower at the south-west angle, as at present. Under the central gable is a porch, in the form of a semi-octagon. Above this porch Mr. Austin raised an oriel window in the days o f Dean Lyall (1847 to 1857). The first floor is provided with a row of uniform large sash-windows, nine in number, of early came eighteenth cen- F i g 1 8 . - B L O C K I ' L A N O r T H E D E A N E H Y. Above this story the chamber appear, in This main body of the House manifestly stands on the 2 Cheker serve as a house enough it.—Gostling, 140. gables a parapet. 110 THE CONUNTU.A.L BUILDINGS OF THE in Ohartham belonging to the Deane1·y, so dilapidated that, in the year following, he was threatened by the Chapter of this Church to be sned, unless he took care to put the same into repair. Hence, it is said, that he rebuilt the Deanery. His name, and the date (1570), recorded in stone on two heads of the house,1 shewed, in Gostling's time, when and by whom it was built.2 The view of the Deanery given by Gostling represents the main body as a mansion-house, the front of which is surmounted as now by three triangular gables in contact, and a high-pitched roof. 3 On the south, the house abuts against the tower at the south-west angle, as at present. Under the central gable is a porch, in the form of a semi-octagon. Above this porch Mr. Austin raised an oriel window in the days of Dean Lyall (1847 to 1857). The first floor is provided with a row of uniform large sash-windows, nine in number, of the eal'ly form that came in with the eighteenth cen- L Fig. 18.-DLOOK PLAN 01' THB DEANERY. tury. Above this story the chamber windows appear, one each gable, as usual. This main body of the House manifestly stands on the 1 Gostling, p. 150. This Dean surrendered the Cheker building to serve as a. house for one of the six preachers, he having houseroom e11ough without it.- Gostling, p. 14..0. 3 The present gables are careful restorations of the ancient ones, which had been at the end of the last century replaced by o. plain pnrapet. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 1 1 site of the long house in the Norman drawing labelled Bath House and Chamber Camera). Like that, its southern extremity is placed a little to the south of the direction of the north wall of the Necessarium, and it extends northwards to the middle of the east side of the Green Court. From the date of the rebuilding in 1570, no alterations are recorded until the time of Dean Percy (c. 1820), who carried out changes by which the form and north end the in the view presented to Gostling's work by Dean Cornwallis, were altered with great loss of picturesque effect. In the above-mentioned engraving, the west front from the staircase window northward is left apparently in the form given to it by Goldston. I t is in one story, raised upon vaults, and terminated by a projecting chamber (A) with buttresses, and provided with a twolight transomed Perpendicular window. A circular (b) that remains on the east side of the Prior's gateway, was placed at the junction of A and B. The Dean's work was undertaken for the purpose of The original one was situated at the southern part of the building (in G), and the kitchens, with their appendages, servants' offices and their sleeping-rooms, partly arranged K, partly extended into the space L, being probably portions Diningroom staircase, and pulling down the small terminal building A, with some outbuildings beyond i t belonging to the stables, obtained space for the erection of a set of new kitchens and servants' offices suitable to modern convenience, and contiguous to the new Dining-room. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 111 site of the long house in the Norman drawing labelled House Chambe1: (Balneatorium et Camera). Like that, its southern extremity is placed a little to the south of the direction of the north wall of the N ecessarium, and it extends northwards to the middle of the east side of the Green Court. Fxom the date of the rebuilding in 1570, no alterations are recorded until the time of Dean Percy ( c. 1820), who carried out changes by which the form and appearance of the north end of the west front, shewn in the view presented to Gostling's work by Dean Cornwallis, were altered with great loss of picturesque effect. In the above .. mentioned engraving, the west front from the staircase window northward is left apparently in the form gi'1en to it by Goldston. It is in one story, raised upon vaults, and terminated by a projecting chamber (A) with buttresses, and provided with a twolight transomed Perpendicular window. A circular tower (b) with a newel stair, similar to that which still remains on the east side of the Prior's gateway, was placed at the junction of A and B. • The Dean's work was undertaken for the purpose of obtaining a more commodious dining-room. The oiiginal one was situated at the southern part of the building (in G ), and the kitchens, with their appendages, servants' offices and their sleeping-rooms, partly ari- anged in and about the south end of G and in K, and pa1·tly extended into the space L, being probably p01·tiona of the kitchen offices of the ancient Infirmary. Dean Percy fitted up his new and handsome Diningl'oom in the compartment B, beyond the great staixcase, and by pulling down the small terminal building A, with some outbuildings beyond it belonging to the stables, obtained space for the erection of a set of new kitchens and servants' offices suitable to modern convenience, and contiguous_.to the new Di:ning-1·oom. 11 2 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE The compartments A and B had been, previously to these changes, assigned to the Archbishop; but Dean Percy transferred his Grace to the old Dining-room at G. T h e present Dean has converted it into a Library, no rooms being now reserved for the Archbishop. is a long passage against east wall, occupying nearly half the width. I t is covered is nearly four feet below the floor of the present Diningroom. T h e remaining space under the floor to the west wall is occupied by the Dean's cellars, which are entered by a door (a) and steps downwards from the garden at b. The eastern or garden front of the Deanery is more than western. A (q) projects from the north end of the main body of the House. connected with the smaller Drawing-room. I n this towerroom window belonged to the Cheker .(vide Fig. substituted copy Caen stone This please happened ruins gardening, the destruction remains offices, where, i f left, they would have told their tale of the real use of these buildings), are now to be seen in impossible • Returning the front, tower an oriel (p) stories, the lower one lighting the present Entrance 112 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE The compartments A and B had been, previously to: these changes, assigned to the Archbishop ; but Dean Percy transferred his Grace to the old Dining-room at G. The present Dean has converted it into a Library, no rooms being now 1·eserved for the Archbishop. Under the floor of B is a long passage against the east wall, occupying nearly half the width. It is covered with a Norman waggon vault, the crown of which i~ nearly four feet below the floor of the present Dining- 1·oom. The remaining space under the floor to the west wall is occupied by the Dean's cellars, which are entered by a door (c) and steps dowmYai:ds from the garden at b. The eastern or garden front of the Deanery is more picturesque than the 'A'"estem. A square tower (q) projects from the north end of the main body of the House. On the first floor this tower contains a small room connected with the smaller Drawing-room. In this towerroom the late Mr. Austin inserted the fine old two-light Perpendicular window which belonged to the Cheker building {vi'de Fig. 16), and substituted in the wall of that edifice the copy in 0aen stone which is now to be seen. This was done to please Lady Harriet Bagot, the wife of the Dean of that time, who happened to have a taste for xuins in landscape gardening, according to the fashion of that period, the effects of which may be seen in many parts of the Deanery and other gardens, where genuine old doorways, archways, and windows (obtained by the destruction of the 1·emains of monastic offices, where, if left, they would have told their tale of the real use of these buildings), are now to be seen in impossible positions, inserted into walls and corners, where no buildings ever existed. Returning now to the garden front, we find south of the above-mentioned towe1· an original oriel (p) in two stories, the lower one. lighting the present Entrance MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 1 3 Hall (F), the upper one belonging to the great Drawingroom which extends on the first floor over E and F. On this floor the space G is divided into two or more narr, ow structure (H) was built, apparently after the Dissolution, entered on each through the side of the oriel and provides passage, are opened access the rooms and chambers which now occupy the space G. monastic period this space was undivided partitions. A single light window, pointed, without cusps, discovered some since the east wall of G, proving that this was at first an external A n corner at the end n) ; another built by Mr. Austin is at the great tower (g) the east wall extends along the compartment B, and is now garnished with sash-windows. A t the north angle of B, an ancient completes This (r , t), in form with those of the Cheker, the work of De Estria. windows the wall itself supported by two buttresses (u, v), which do not belong its structure, for the left-hand one partly covers the window r.' does lie in the same direction as wall of the Deanery-house, and evidently belonged to an isolated building which appears to have occupied the place of the building in the Norman drawing which has no name attached to it, but is shewn by its low side-wall to have been a barn, and is situated against the corner where the old precinct wall is reflected at right of the wall considering 1 This incorrectly VOL. V I I . MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 113 Hall (F), the upper one belonging to the great Drawingroom which extends on the first floor over E and F. On this ffool' the space G is divided into two or more bed-rooms, but formed a single chamber originally. Against the east wall of this part an additional nar-. :i:ow sttucture (H) was built, apparently after the Dissolution, which is in two stories, is entered on each floor th1·bugh the side of the oriel (p), and provides a passage. into which doors are opened to give separate access to the rooms and chambers which now occupy the space G. In the monastic period this space G was probably un-. divided by partitions. A single light window, pointed, and without cusps, was discovered some years since in the east wall of G, proving that this was at :first an external wall. An original corner tower is at the south end (n); another built by Mr. Austin is at (o). Beyond the great tower (q) the east wall extends along the compartment B, and is now gai·nished with sash-windows. . At the no1;th angle of B, an ancient high wall completes the boundary of the garden. This wall retains three single-light windows (1·, s, t), identical in form with those of the Cheker, the work of De Estria. These wind,qws are now walled up, and the wall itself supported by two buttresses (u, v ), which do not belong to its original structure, for the left-hand one partly covers the window 1·.1 The wall does not lie in the same direction as the wall of the Deanery-house, and evidently belonged to an isolated building which appears to have occupied the place of the building in the Norman drawing which has no name attached to it, but is shewn by its low side-wall to have been a barn, and is situated against the· comer where the old precinct wall is reflected at l'ight angles, exactly in the position and bearing of the building of which the wall we are conside1ing formed I This is incorreoLly drawn in the woodcut. VOL. VII. I 11 4 T H P. CONVENTUAL BuniDINGS OF THE the east side, and was also part of the old precinct wall of the Convent. The position o f this originally isolated piece in the region appropriated to agricultural purposes, shews that it was the great hay-barn, "magna grangia ad fenum," included in the list of De Estria's repairs and rebuilding, 1285 to 1290; and probably also alluded to in the sentence, " Ye cornelofts and sellars under them adjoyning to ye west end of his (the Prior's) great gardens," contained. in the Dean's allotment. N o portions o f the other three sides of this structure remain. O n part of the inside face of the wall above described low offices abut, and the remainder serves to enclose and conceal from the Deanery garden, Dean Percy's kitchen yards (at 1U), as formerly it did the stable yards. H i l l ' s plan in 1680 shel,vs coarsely the oriel-shaped porch on the west front of the Deanery, with the opposite oriel of the east front, and also the central garden tower (q), and the ancient wall o f De Estria's barn, which is drawn with its proper deviation in bearing. Wilkes letters the south part of the space G "y° D. hall," the Dean's Hall, and indicates the lower flight of a staircase in the position of the present one. CHAPTER V I . HOSPITATE AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS OF THE CELERER. This group of buildings are placed in a narrow irregular site, bounded on the south by the church, on the west by the Palace grounds, on the east by the west alley of the great Cloister, the Refectory, Kitchen court and its offices, and on the north by the Green Court. The principal buildings of this group are the Cellarium or Celerer's Lodging, the .Aula Hospitum, Guest Hall or Celerer's Hall, the gatehouse, termed "gate between the Guest Hall and Kitchen" (" Porta inter Domum :Hos- 114 THE CONY.ENTUAL BUILDINGS OF TIDl the east side, and was also part of the old precinct wall of the Convent. The position of this originally isolated piece in the region appropriated to agricultural purposes, shews that it was the great hay-barn, "magna grangia ad fenum," included in the list of De Estria's repairs and rebuilding, 1285 to 1290 ; and probably also alluded to in the sentence, "Y0 cornelofts and sellars under them adjoyning to y0 west end of his (the Prior's) great gardens," contained in the Dean's allotment. No portions of the other three sides of this structure remain. On part of the inside face of the wall above described low offices abut, and the remainder serves to enclose and conceal from the Deanery garden, Dean Percy's kitchen yards (at M), as formerly it did the stable yards. Hill's plan in 1680 shews coarsely the oriel-shaped porch on the west front of the Deanery, with the opposite oriel the east front, and also the central garden tower (q), and the ancient wall of De Estria's barn, which is dra,vn with its proper deviation in bearing. Wilkes letters the south pru·t of the space G "'!I D. hall," the Dean's Hall, and indicates the lower flight of a staircase in the position of the present one. CHAPTER VI. HOSPITATE AND PRIVATE BUILDINGS OF THE CELERER, This group of buildings are placed in a narrow irregular site, bounded on the south by the church, on the west by the Palace grounds, on the east by the west alley of the great Cloister, .the Refectory, Kitchen court and its offices, and on the north by the Green Court. The principal buildings of this group are the Gellarilum or Celerer's Lodging, the Aula Hospitwn, Guest Hall or Celerer's Hall,'the gatehouse, termed "gate between the Guest Hall and :Kitchen"(" Porta inter _Domum Hosc. 0 aud olisodd0 Fig. 19. p \ \ I Fig. 20. C CLOISTER I l I I I I I I [ I CELERERS \ l'·l Kl : I : : I I I I I ____ L! - ------ ----------: ----------------------- LODCI NC ·ro 20 F'EE.1 s L Opposite pngo I rn. w .J !!! ea: :c MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 1 5 Pentise gate," and, finally, the range of "Chambers for Hospitality" between the Kitchen and Green court, The south and east sides of Guest face long, narrow, irregular court, which is bounded on the east by the wall of the Kitchen and of the passage from that to the Refectory. for termed the " Celerer's Pilgrims seeking hospitality were conducted, after entering the Court gate, into the long covered was known as the " Pentise." I t led directly to the gave admission to this and to all the other buildings above enumerated, which will now proceed to examine order, beginning Celerer's 1. The Celerer's Lodging, or Cellarium. Celerer's This because this building was, as I have explained above (p. 11), retained by the King at the dissolution of the monastery, and afterwards transferred to the Archbishop. And the boundary wall between the north end of the site of this building and the Chapter ground is placed exactly at the outer north-west angle of the Cloister Nothing remains o f this edifice, the work of Prior Chillenden, as already stated (at p. 44, above), except so much of its eastern wall as belongs to the Cloister itself. The subjoined Sketch (Fig. 19) and Plan (Fig, 20) will enable the general arrangement of it to be understood, and also the disposition of the passages to which the three doors grouped together at the south end of the gave entrance, The Sketch elevation the inner face of the wall, which is in a rough and ruinous condition; the upper line shews the lower parts 2 MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 115 pitum et Coquinam"), or " Pentise gate," and, finally, the range of "Chambers for Hospitality" between the Kitchen and Green court. The south and east sides of the Guest Hall face a long, narrow, irregular court, which is bounded on the east by the wall of the Kitchen and of the pa.ssage from that to the Refectory. This court, fo1· convenience, may be teTmed the" Oelerer's court." Pilgrims seeking hospitality were conducted, after entering the Court gate, into the long cove1·ed alley which lined the west wall of the Green Court and was known as the " Pentise." It led directly to the Pentise gatehouse, which gave admission to this court and to all the other buildings above enumerated, which we will now proceed to examine in order, beginning from the south with the " Celerer's Lodging." 1. T!ie Celerer's Lodgin,q, or Oellarium. The building termed the Celerer's Lodging lined the whole length of the west Cloister wall. This is certain, because this building was, as I have explained above (p. 11), retained by the King at the dissolution of the monastery, and afterwards transferred to the Archbishop. And the bounda1·y wall between the north end of the site of this building and the Chapter grnund is placed exactly at the outer north-west angle of the Cloister wall. Nothing remains of this edifice, the work of Pl'ior Ohillenden) as aheady stated (at p. 44, above), except so much of its eastern wall as belongs to the Cloister itself. The subjoined Sketch (Fig. 19) and Plan (Fig. 20) will enable the general arrangement-of it to be understood, and also the disposition of the passages to which the three dool's grouped together at the south end of the Cloister gave en trance, The Sketch is an elevation of the inner face of the wall) which is in a rough and ruinous condition; the upper line shews the lower pa1·t& I 2 11 6 T H E CONVENTUAL 33uniDI3GS OF THE of windows Which were placed over the Cloister-are seen mortices the • , A t the south 'end is the back of the doorway of the the Becket his murder, Westminster Memorials Canterbury." The cloister face of Chillenden.' But i t is remarkable that the rear-arch of this door, therefore Archbishop occasion. account given by employment doorway as W h e n Becket resolved to pass from his to. attendants,— They pass along usual passage... through the orchard, to the western front of the church; but finding court and orchard thronged with armed men, they turned room conducted private door rarely used, and which led from the palace to the cloisters of the monastery-. One of the monks ran before to force it, for the key was lost. Suddenly the door flew open, as if of itself; for two cellarmen of the monastery, whose lodgings were in part building, . . . flew t o from the palace. . . . He passed along the northern and eastern cloister, and thus reached the door of the transept."2 as party-between the Archbishop and Convent was that time the west R) Celerer's Lodging, i t is evident that the Archbishop must have had door that for example, in the he had an exclusive the 1 Page 66. ' 2 Gamier, 116 THE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE • of .windows which were placed over the Cloister-roof. Beneath them are seen the mortices in the wall which carried the floor girders. , At the south ·end is the back of the doorway of the Cloister (B. in the Plan), through which Becket passed on the morning of his murder, as the present Dean of '\Vestminster has so ably demonstrated in his 'Historical J.\!lemorials of Oanterbury.'1 The cloister face of this doorway is richly molded, and is the work of Ohillenden.But .it is re.mal'kable that the rear-arch of this door, which is shewn in my elevation, is of Norman masonry, and therefol'e the actual archway under which the A1·chbishop passed upon that memorable occasion. : _ The account given by the Dean of the employment of this doorway on that morning, is as follows, slightly abridged. :When Becket resolved to pass from his palace to· the Cathedral, with his attendants,- ·" They first attempted to pass along the usual passage ... through the orchard, to the western front of the church; but finding court and orchard thronged with armed men, they turned through a room which conducted to a private door that was rarely used, and which led from the palace to the cloisters of -the monastery. One -of the monks ran before to force it, for the key was lost. Suddenly the door flew open, as if of itself; for two cellarmen of the monastery, whose lodgings were in that pa.rt of the bu:ilding, ... hearing the tumult, flew to the cloister, drew back the bolt, and opened the door to .the party 'from the palace .... He passed along the northern and eastern "cloister, and thus reached the door of the transept." 2 But as the party-wall between the Archbishop and ponven t was at that time the west· wall (H R) of the -Oelerer's Lodging, it is evident that the Archbishop .'Jllust have had a door in that wall, foi· example, at S •in the Plan, through which he had an . exclusive right of passage, in order to ·reach "the Cloister-door B, which Page 60; : 2 Gai·nicr, 71. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 11 7 was an entrance common to the Convent a,nd Arch, bishop. A n d i t is probable the door S in the Archbishop's wall was the one which the Cellarman unbolted; and which was rarely used, for the door B. must have been in constant use by the servants of the Convene- The Cloister-wall we are examining has three large doors, all the work of one period, yet all presenting differences, either of form or moldings. B u t each of these various characters can be found in some other of the conventual doorways, and always in one that be longs to the works of Chillenden. Thus, beginning from the north, the Celerer's door at that end (B), and his next door at the other end have segmental-pointed arch-heads, enclosed within a square order of moldings, and a square hoodmold. The moldings of B have the same section as the arch which opens to the Lavatory Chamber in Chilienden's gallery. The moldings of D are cut from the identical templet employed for the south-east door of Chillenden's gallery. The design and moldings of the cen= tral door of the three at the south end of the cloister, those of west Infirmary Hall, but dimensions.F. have pointed, continuous arches, a square of molding and a square hoodmold. Another copy of the same is fixed between the north transept, and choir-. small door F, at the south end, only border Perpendicular and need not detain us. From these examples,. and other similar ones which these i t appears i t I t when the taken from Chapter the I have represented the relation between the two arches. 2 Infirmary doorway, example, are 4 MONA.STERY OF ~ST CHURCH IN CANTERJ3URY, 117 :was an entrance common to the Convent and Archr bishop. And it is probable the . door S in the Arch-. bishop's wall was the one which the Cellarman unbolted; and which was rarely used, for the door H must have been in constant use by the servants -of the Convent.1 . The Cloister-wall we are examining has three large doors, all the work of one period, yet all presenting differences, either of form or moldings. But each of these various characters can be found in some o_ther of the conventual doorways, and always in one that be~ longs to the works of Chillenden. Thus, beginning from the north, the Celerer's doo1: at that end {B), and his next door at the othe1· end (D), have segmental-pointed arch-heads, enclosed within a square order of moldings, and a square hoodmold. • The moldings of B have the same section as the arch which opens to the Lavatory Chamber in Chillenden's g·allery. The moldings of D are cut from the identical ·templet employed for the south-east dooi· of Chillenden's gallery. The design and moldings of the cen:. tral door (E) of the three at the south end of .the cloister, and those of the west door of the Infirmary Hall, are identical, h1J.t with a slight difference in the dimensions.? -Both have pointed, continuous arches, with a square order of molding and a square hoodmold. Another copy of the same is fixed between the north transep~ and the choir.aisle. . The small door F, at the south end; ·has orily a single b©rder of Perpendicular molding, ·a~d .need not detain us. • • From these examples,. and othel' similar ones which I have discovered in these .buildings, it appears that it ) •• 1 It was walled up when the site was taken. from· the Chapter at t.he Dissolution. I have representea. the doorway as being open, to shew tlw relation between the two 1u·~hes. • • • • • • ~ The Infu•mnry doorway and south transept door;\lo.y, ·for e:i.ample, 11.l'O .both d. ft. 10 in. wide, and the cloister-door is 5 ft. 2 in. wide. . . ! 118 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE such as these doorways, that were placed together, but copies of same designs other buildings of the same group, at a distance. At present, the wall at the back of the three contiguous doorways (D, E, presents a clean surface, and has a paved platform to give access to them, for the middle door is employed as an entrance to the Cloister from the churchyard. The partitions, which originally divided the space, as shewn in the Plan, have all disappeared. The platform is 2 feet 6 inches above the Cloister pavement, to which the descent is by steps. B u t the older plans, taken before the old Norman tower of Lanfranc was sacrificed, shew that the partition NI, which enclosed passage Archbishop's remained with steps, as shewn in my Plan, in which I have inserted the Norman tower, from Wild's accurate the plan-of the Cathedral. A partition must have been placed at N in the old for otherwise the door at F would have been superfluous. B u t with the partition that door supplies nave 0. I t will appear the account o f Archbishop's below, covered pentise enabled him, pass own apartments, dryshod, the that to his cloister-E. This mode the perhaps, murder I t {the cloister and advanced along the southern side to the entrance the as described graphic narrative already 1 A Vide Historical and 3, 118 THE CON.VENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE was thought desirable to vary features of the same kind, such as these doorways, that were placed together, but that copies of the same designs might be employed in other buildings of the same group, at a distance. At present, the wall at the ha.ck of the three contiguous doorways (D, E, F) presents a clean surface, and has a paved platform to give access to. them, for the middle door is employed as an entrance to the Cloister from the churchyard. The partitions, which originally divided the space, as shewn in the Plan, have all disappeared. 'l'he platform is 2 feet 6 inches above the Cloister pavement, to which the descent is by steps. But the older plans, taken before the old Norman tower of Lanfranc sacrificed, sbew that the partition M, which enclosed the north side of the passage to the Archbishop's door, • remained with steps, as she\vn in my Plan, in which I have inserted the Norman tower, from ,i\'ild's accurate the plan·of the Cathedral. A pa1-tition must have been placed at N in the old time, for otherwise the door at F would have been superfluous. But with the partition that door suppfo~s the monks with access from the cloister to the nave of the church, through the door at 0. It wiH appear in the account of the .A1.'chbishop's palace below, that a covered walk or pentise enabled him. to pass from his own apartments, dryshod, to the slype that led to his cloister-door, E. This mode of gaining entrance to th~ church from the palace is, perhaps, that which is alluded to in the history of Becket's mui·der as the usual passage through the orchard to the western front of the church. It was through this door (E) that the knights forced their way into the cloister and advanced along the southern side to the entrance of the transept, as described in the graphic narrative aheady quoted.1 • Vide 'Historiciu Memorials of Canterbury,' p. 62, lJ.Ild also Plate 8, MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 11 9 The girder-holes in the wall shew that there was, in the middle of the range of buildings, a lofty apartment, beneath. A t the north end the floor divided the wall into two nearly equal heights. T h e Cloister-door D, at the south end, probably opened to a the doors to the ground-floor of the Celererts Lodgings. rooms have lighted, i f windows looking into the Archbishop's ground. I n Dart's plan, a wall is marked at L as well as at M, but may have belonged to a temporary outhouse. At I have indicated section octagonal opening already described. B u t its termination on the In the elevation, P p is the level of the cloister pavement; q that of the accumulated ground behind it. A is the plan of the stair-turret and passage to it, in the thickness of the wall mentioned above (p.35). T h e o f this retains the toothing of partition wall at L (in the Plan). C is a thin wall built merely Dissolution. 2. Chillenden's Guest Chambers. To the Celerer's care was manifestly assigned, as their position shews, the long range of chambers over the Larder facing the Green Court, which is described in § as "New next to the convent kitchen, with a new larder below," the from the Larder gate to the .Pentise gate, with' the chambers there called Heaven and Paradise." A s the Pentise gate has two chambers, one above the other, exwhich shews the Archbishop's Palace Gelerer's 1 An 398) li-even. l.CONAST.ERY OF CHRIST CHUB.OH IN CANTERBURY. 119 The girder-holes in the wall shew _that thei·e was> in the middle of the range of buildings, a lofty apartment, with low rooms beneath. At the north end the :floor divided the wall into two nearly equal heights. The Cloister-door D, at the south end, probably opened to a vestibule, L M, with a staircase for the upper floor and dool'S to the ground-floor of the Celerer's Lodgings. The rooms below must have been lighted, if at all, by windows looking into the Archbishop's ground. In Dart's plan, a wall is marked at L as well as at M, but may have belonged to a temporary outhouse. At C, I have indicated the section of the octagonal opening already describecl. But its termination on the west face of the wall is effectually stopped up. In the elevation, Pp is the level of the cloister pavement; Q q_ that of the accumulated ground behind it. A is the plan of the stair-turret and passage to it, in the thickness of the wall mentioned above (p.35). The inside of this wall retains the toothing of a partition wall at L (in the Plan). C is a thin wall J:)Uilt me1·ely to separate the Convent and Palace lands at the Dissolution. 2. Chillenden,'s Guest Chanwers. To the Celerer's care was manifestly assigned, as their position shews, the long 1·ange of chambers over the Lal'der facing the Green Court, which is described in Chillenden's list, § 4, as" New chambers for hospitality next to the convent kitchen, with a new laider below," and in the Distribution document as " the whole lodging from the Latdm· ,c;ate to the .Pentise gate, with the chambers there called Heaven and Paradise.''1 As"the Pentise gate has two chambers, one above the· other, exwhich shews the relative positions of th.e Archbishop's Palace and the Oelerer's Lodging. 1 .A.n Obituary quoted by Gosling (p. 898) records, with the date 1397, that W. Woghope made the chamber called Hevcn. • 120 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF TH14, tended over the whole gatehouse, we may suppose the upper one to have been called "Heaven," and the lower, "Paradise." Chillenden's building is on the south side o f the gatehouse (69, Plate 3), which it touches at the west end, to Like the "New Lodging" or Deanery, and the Cheker building, floor, a first and a second floor. The chambers of the latter were wholly contained in the roof. I t s front is now broken by a projecting square turret, which is placed to the east of its centre. The repairs now carrying on have shewn this turret to be a structure of wood. and plaster, standing on a base-story of brick, faced with flint chequer-work; the whole being plainly an intrusion of late work to provide an oriel for the great Drawing-room, which about half the space between this tower and the Pentise gatehouse, and is lined with wainscot The so as supply gallery exercise from one end of the house to the other, perhaps sleeping chambers recesses on each I t s tie-beams are the girders of the floor. I t s collar-beams side braces, and the middle of floor ornamental molded wooden king-with bases and capitals, sustaining a long continuous rail the Each post has struts diverging from. capital to the and to the main rafters respectively. This framing is nearly same ,that house at °hurley Parker's ,‘ The roof we. now ,i s that o f Chillenden's Priorate 1390-1114 serve fix date roof. Judging of 120 THE CONVENTU.A.L BUILDINGS OF THE tended ovei- the whole gatehouse, we may suppose the upper one to· have been called "Heaven," and the lowe1;, "' Paradise." Chil.lenden's building is on the south side of the Green Court, extending from the Norman Pentise gatehouse (69, Plate 3), which it touches at the west end, to the Larder gateway arch, which joins its east end. Like the "New Lodging" or Deanery, and the Cheker build~ ing, this structure consists of a ground -floor, fh-st floor, and a second :floor. The chambers of the latter were wholly contained in the roof. Its front is now broken by a projecting square turret, which is p~aced to the east of its centre. The repairs now carrying on have shewn this turret to -be a structm·e of wood and plaster, standing on a base-story of brick, faced with flint chequer-work; the whole being plainly an intrusion of late work to provide an oriel for the great Drawing-room, which occupies about half of the space between this tower and the Pentise gatehouse, and is lined with wainscot panelling. The building has a high-pitched roof, framed ornamentally, so as to supply an open gallery for exercise from one encl of the house to the other, perhaps with sleeping chambers or recesses on each side. Its tie-beams are the girders of the floor. Its collar-beams have side braces, and in the middle of the floor is a series of ornamental molded wooden king-posts, with bases and ca-pitals, sustaining a long continuous rail under the collar-beams. • Each post has four struts di. verging from. its capital to the rail and to the main 1·afters l'espectively. This framing is nearly the same .as that of the l;l,ouse at Charney engraved in Pa:rker's .' Glossary,' pl. 171. The date of the roof we. are now considering, which is that of Ohillenden's Pd.orate (13-90-1411 ); will serve to fix the elate of · the Charney ~00£ • J ndging from the arrangement of. the Kitchen .offices MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHIJRCH I N CANTERB17RY. 1 2 1 descriptive the document as "new Guest Chambers, with a new Larder below," i t may be inferred that the ground floor was nearly occupied by the Larder and Kitchen. offices. • The first and second floors are now reached by a wooden flight of stairs, contained in a wing added to the building on its south side after the Dissolution, which also supplies additional chambers. These stairs rise from the Entrance Hall, which has a front door north-, wards. B u t it is probable that the guests originally entered gateh all Pentise Gate, and ascended by a vice or newel-staircase, now destroyed, to the upper chambers, as explained This house blocked up the north window of the Convent Kitchen. A s this window was originally open, i t follows that the original buildings which bounded the north side of the Kitchen were of one story, if, indeed, space were not an open court; for, as the Plan 3) shews, a wall s t i l l divides the lower story into two halves, of which the western is equal in length to the Kitchen, and the eastern was the ancient name gate house preserving its Plain headed Perpendicular windows mullions, but length concealed garden of turret and encloses from louse Whole Pentise Dissolution open the MONASTERY OF CHRIST CffiTIWH · IN CANTERBURY. 121 compared with the descriptive mention of this house in the document as "new Guest Chambers, with a new Larder below," it may be inferred that the ground :floor was nearly occupied by the Larder and Kitcherl. offices. • • The first and second floors are now reached by a wooden flight of stairs, contained in a wing added to th~ building on its south side after the Dissolution, which also supplies additional chambers. These stairs rise from the Enb'ance HaJI; which has a front door north.:. wards. But it is probable that the guests originally entered the building by the archway in the gatehall of the Pentise Gate,-and ascended by a vice or newel-staircase, now destroyed, to the upper chambers, as explained ·below. • • This house blocked up the north window of the Convent Kitchen. A$ this window was originally open, it follows that the original buildings which bounded the nor'th side of the Kitchen were of one story, if, indeed, that space were not an open court; for, as the Plan (Plate 3) shews, a stout wall still divides the lower story into. two hahres, of which the western is equal in length to the Kitchen, and the eastern was the ancient Larder, because it gave name to the gate to which it is contiguous. The house itself now presents very nearly its ancient external appearance, p1·eserving its roof, with many of i~s plain square-beaded Perpendicular windows with mullions, and four-centred doorways; but a great portion of its length is concealed by the garden wall which now springs from the side of the -turret and encloses f~·om view more than half the western part of the l~ouse and the whole of the Pentise and Pentise · gatehouse, which before the Dissol~tion were o~en to t~e court. 122 T H i i CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE 3. Pentise Gatehouse and Celerer's Hall. The Pentise Gate, which presents itself next after Chillenden's Chambers, is a Norman gatehouse, and offers many points of great interest, which can only be understood by comparing it with other structures of the same kind, of which the Convent possesses two others in the Norman Court Gate and the Christchurch Gate (94, Plate 3) of the Cathedral Churchyard. This comparison will be facilitated by previously examining the general principles of arrangement of the gatehouses of domestic architecture, which, like those we are considering, are employed when the buildings are disposed about courts or quadrangles. consists two parts. First, the " Gateway " proper, which term expresses the arch or arches within and against which the gates themselves are hung, including the deep ornamental moldings on the exterior, which usually project considerably, forming a sheltered recess in front of the gates. These decorations the gates constitute the "portal" (portail, Fr.), which i f extended becomes the "gate hall," is the space between the back of the This persons entering find themselves after passing L i k e ordinary dwelling-i t protects and governs the entrance by gates, shelters the persons who are court quadrangle, or preparing The gate hall is usually covered with a vault and is open court 122 THE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE 3. Pentt".se Gatehouse and Oele1·m•'s Hall. The Pentise Gate, which presents itself next after Chillenden's Chambers, is a Norman gatehouse, and offers many points of great interest, which can only be understood by comparing it with other structures of the same kind, of which the Convent possesses two othei-s in the Norman Court Gate and the Christchurch Gate (94, Plate 3) of the Cathedral Churchyard. This comparison will be facilitated by previously examining the general principles of arrangement of the gatehouses of domestic architecture, which, like those we are considering, are employed when the buildings are disposed about courts or quadrangles. The entrance-passage through a gatehouse con~ists of two parts. First, the " Gateway " prope1·, which te1·m express.es the arch or arches within and against which the gates themselves are hung, including the deep orna) llental moldings on the exterior, which usually project considerably, forming a sheltered recess in front of the closed gates. These decorations exterior to the gates constitute the "portal" (portail, Fr.), which if extended so far outwards as to be covered with vaulting, becomes a " porch." The second part of a gatehouse, which may be termed the "gate hall," is the space between the back of the gates and the arch which is the boundary of the entrance passage towards the court. This space is that in which the persons entering find themselves after passing through the gates. Like the entrance hall of an ordi;. nary dwelling-house, it protects and governs the entrance by its gates, and shelters the persons who are seeking admission to the court or quadrangle, or preparing to ,quit it. The gate hall is usually covered with a vault and is perfectly open to the court beyond, being bounded in OF CHRIST onuRCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 2 3 that direction by an arch less in height than the vault and in span than the breadth of the hall, only by such quantities as may be required for its ornamental moldings and piers. Such a hall manifestly requires no windows! In the early gatehouses, of which the Court Gate and Pentise as the opposite arch of the gate hall, and, like that, is concentric I t s surface must to enable the doors to shut against it. B u t the doors an arch must have been square-headed and no higher than the impost of the for i f been cut to the arch shape above, the curved vault of the hall would have prevented them. from folding against the side walls. The semicircular space o f the arch above the doors may therefore have been filled up by iron gratings, or by a or flat arch, above. This tympanums be behind, be recess constructed behind .and arched or vaulted over-generally head opened, pass clear vault surface. This recess have termed "rear vault "2 of the door or window', for the same principle windows. A hall, doors at one end and B u t in placed the 2 &Here VOWS= French; vide my Architectural Nomenclature I MONASTERY OF CHRIST OHUIWH IN CANTEilJ3URY, 123 that direction by an arch less in height than the vault and in span than the breadth of the hall, only by such quantities as may be required for its ornamental moldings and piers. Such a hall manifestly requirns no v\'indows.1 In the early gatehouses, of which the Com-t Gate and ;Fentise Gate are examples, the gateway arch is as high as the opposite arch of the gate hall, and, like that, is concent1·ic with the vault. Its inner sulface Jl?USt be flat, to enable the doors to shut against it. But the doors hung at the back of so high an arch must have been squarn-headed and no higher than the impost of the archway, for if they had been cut to the arch shape above, the curved vault of the hall would hav.e prevented them from folding against the side walls. The semicircnlai· space of the arch above the doors may therefo1·e have been filled up by iron gratings, or by a transom or flat arch, with a tympanum above. This accounts for the prevalence of tympanums in the early doorways. The tympanum was afterwards got rid of by making the molded gateway arch so much lower than the vaults within, that the top of the arch-shaped door should be at or below the level of the springing of the vaults behind, and thus it could be folded against the side walls without interfering with them. On the same principle, arched doorways in thick walls have a wider and higher recess constructed behind the .. doorway and arched or vaulted over-head, generally with a segmental pointed arch, so arranged that the arch -h?ad of the door, when opened, will pass clear of this higher vault su1face. This 1·ecess I have termed the "rear vault "2 of the door or window~ for the same principle applies to windows . .A. porch, like the gate hall is a chamber with doors at one end and an open arch at the other. B~t they differ itr that the porch is placed in front of ·tl\e doors and the gatehall behind them. 2 Arriere tJoussui·o in Frencli; vide my '.Axchitectural N omericlaturo ' (1844), in which I first developed the principle of its arrangement. 1 2 4 M E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE The entrance archway is always of sufficient width to admit carriages, or large parties of pedestrians, horsemen, of gates. For the admission of single persons a "wicket" Is This term in a doorway pierced through one o f the great doors. may be seen in daily gateway doors of the Colleges in the Universities and other buildings. B u t in later examples a small doorway, termed "postern," is placed at the side of great archway. This occurs the Christchurch Gatehouse, at the entrance of the Cathedral Churchyard at Canterbury (94, Plate 3), and was introduced also into Court following manner, probably in the course of Chillenden's :—The Norman gate-arch closed by which leaves its outer part and ornamental moldings free, but divides the entrance into a small pointed arch for a postern door, and a larger four-centred one, with for use when required. T h e moldings these insertcd. arches against original pier. late Mr. Austin repaired the open Norman archway gatehall by beneath Chillenden's double western omitting the door and gates. halls general have the building, this porter's lodge finds its place within their walls. the gate hall, with ornamental windows, which are employed to give architectural character to the entrance, ,persons 124 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE The entrance archway is· always of sufficient width to admit carriages, or large parties of pedestrians, horse: men, or processions, and is necessarily closed with a pair of gates. For th.e admissi.on of single persons a ''wicket" is provided. This term. is applied to a small door hinged in a doorway pierced through one of the great doors. -Such wickets may be seen in d~ily use in all the gateway doors of the Colleges in the Universities and other collegiate buildings. But in later examples a small doorway, termed a "postern," is placed at the side of the great archway. This occurs in the Christchurch Gatehouse, at the entrance of the Cathedral Churchyard at Cante1·bury (94, Plate 3), and was introduced also into the Norman Comt Gate (Fig. 31, page 144, below) in the following manner, probably in the course of Chillenden's repairs :-The Norman ·gate-a1·ch was closed by a wall, which .leaves its outer part and ornamental rnoldings free, but divides the e~trance into a small pointed arch for a postern door, and a larger four-centred. one, with gates for use when required. The moldings of these inse1-ted a-rches abut against the ancient piers without contracting the original opening, except by the central -pier . . . . The late Mr. Austin repaired the open Norman eastern arch v1•ay of the Court gatehall by erecting beneath it a copy of Ohillenden's double western arches, omitting the door and gates. • Gate halls in general have a door in the side wall, which opens to a lateral chamber occupied by the porter. As gatehouses generally form part of a range of building, this porter's lodge :finds its place within their walls. • One or two stories of chambers may be placed above •the gate hall, with ornamental windows, which are employed to give architecturnl character to the entrance, .and may serve to watch the persons_ who seek admission OF CHRIST CHUR,CH I N CANTERBURY. 1 2 5 proceedings courts of the establishment. B u t these chambers above gate hall are generally purposes below, part of the suites of rooms the ranges of buildings of which the gatehouse forms a part. The gate hall coincides in level with the ground story. The chamber above i t is ordinarily raised more or less than the first floor of the adjacent buildings, but not more than can be accommodated by a few steps. Gate the Celerer's Hall to which it is attached. Documents quoted by Sommer' shew that this gate 1382, the Gate next Hall, " Porta interior juxta Aulam Hospitum," and had a chamber near it, appropriated to the "Keeper of the W e gate, acquired Pentise gate, the ambulatory, built by Prior Chillenden to connect i t with the Court Gate. The No.rrnan remains of the Celerer's Hall are scanty, I n its plan delineated in block, but in Plate 3 in detail. The east wall of the lower story remains entire, as well as the lower part of the return walls, or gables, at By document, 1382, Convent a donation office o f the the Servant and Steward Guesten Hall), with the Chamber belonging Keeper. " • • • . Custodia. porta interioris juxta Hospitii servienti sue, custodis."—Somner, 111, Hall, Green • In o f under the Celerer (App. p. 36, xxxv.) the following occur: " Senescallus aula) hospitum ; Janitor porta) auk); garcio ejus ; Janitor portm exterioris curio; Janitor porta) cimiterii ; Hostiarius daustri garcio ejus." MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY, 125 or observe the proceedings of those who are within the courts of the establishment. But these chambers above the gate ha1~ are generally employed for pUl'poses not connected with the entrance or exit below, and form a part of the suites of rooms in the ranges of buildings of yvhich the gatehouse forms a part. The gate hall coincides in level with the ground story. The cha.mber floor above it is ordinarily raised more or less higher than· the first floor of the adjacent buildings, but not more than can be accommodated by a few steps. We may now turn to the Pentise Gafe and the Celerer's Hall to which it is attached. Documents quoted by Somner1 shew that this gate was, in 1382, called tb,e Inner Gate next the Guesten . ;Hall, "Pol'ta interior juxta Aulam Hospitum," and had ~ chamber near it, appropriated to the " Keeper of the Inner gate." We have seen that this inner gat~, at the time of the Dissolution, had acquired the name of the Pentise gate, from the long Pentise, or wooden ambulatory, built. by P1·ior Chillenden to connect it with the Court Gate . . The N o·rman remains of the Celerer' s Hall are scanty, but extremely interesting. In Plate 2 its plan is delineated in block, but in Plate 3 in detail. The east wall of the lower story remains entire, as well as the lower part of the return walls, or gables, at the south and north ends, by which the dimensions may 1 :By this docllIIlent, dated 1882, the Prior and Convent make 11 dona,. tion of the ojfice o.f Keeper of tM inner gate to tlte Servant and Esquire .(of the Stcwo.rd of the Gueaten Ho.11), 1uitl1 tlu, Okamlm· belo:nging•to the said .Keeper. " .... Oustodir.e.p01'taJ into1·i01'is jnxta Aulam ]fospitii servienti et armigero suo, cum camera dicti custodis."-Somner, pp. 111, 112. The Norman drawing being unknown to Somner, he erroneously supposes the name Aula Hospitum to mean the North Rall, next to the GJ.'een Court Gate. • In a list of officers under the Celerer (App. Somner, p. 86, no. mv.) the following occur: - "Senescallus aulre hospitum; Janitor portal aulm; garcio ojus; Janitor portre erlerioris curiro; Janitor portm cimitexii; Host.iariua claustri ; ,gru:cio ejus."' : 126 T I T F . CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OP THE be obtained. According to my measurements, the outer the walls at the south end 22 feet 6 inches. The outer of east decorated a plain Norman arcade of nine arches, resting on pilasters, order, edge-and hoodmold. The pilasters also have edge-shafts and vide 24, square A arch, portal of Pentise Gatehouse, of feet span and 8 feet deep, abuts against its eastern face, which is of the is a plain, strong pier. T h e arch is of a single order, with a plain impost mold, and is the "Inner Gate next the Guesten Hall" above mentioned, but in the Norman drawing. is inscribed, " Porta inter Domum Hospitum et Coquinam." The drawing, however, merely represents and preposterously exaggerated i n size with respect to the other buildings.' The archway and Celerer's Hall.' eastern arch continued and pierced arched (6, Fig. 21), which led behind the Convent The stated above, p. was taken down and rebuilt, was, in its latter form, forty-seven feet square internally. The gave ' 'Measured be 2 20 give details 126 THE CONVENTU.A.L BUILDINGS OF THE be obtained. According to my measurements, the outer length of the building is 120 feet, the distance between the walls at the south end 22 feet 6 inches. The outer face of its east wall is decorated at the basement with a plain Norman arcade of nine arches, resting on pilasters, each arch of a single order, with an edge-bowtell and hoodmold. · The pilasters also have edge-shafts and simple flower capitals (vide Figs. 21, 23, 24, 30). At the north-east angle is a square turret, containing a spiral staircase (9, 10, Fig. 21). A plain circular ai-ch, the portal of the Pentise Gatehouse, of 12 feet span and 8 _feet deep, abuts against its easte1·n face, which is of the same breadth; the eastern abutment of this arch is a plain, strong pier. The arch is of a single order, with a plain impost mold, and is the "Inner Gate next the Guesten Hall " above mentioned, but in the Norman drawing. is inscribed, "Porta inter Domum Hospitum et Coquinam.'' The drawing, however, merely represents an immense pair of square doors, like those of a modern coach-house, and preposterously exaggerated in size with respect to the other buildings.1 The archway and the stair-turret are apparently of one piece of work with the Celeret's Hall.2 The eastern abutment wall of the arch is continued southwards, and is pierced by a Norman zigzag al'ched doorway (6, Fig. 21), which led behind the Convent Kitchen to the Larder and offices. The Norman Kitchen (as stated above, p. 37) was taken down and rebuilt, probably on a larger scale, between 1338 and 1370, and was, in its latter form, forty-seven feet square inte1·nally. "The great Norman Portal gave a direct entrance to the Celerer's Court, as my plan (Plate 3) shews. • 1 Measured by the scale of the church, they would be 85 feet wide and 45 feet high. • 2 Figs. 21 to 30 giT'e complete plans and details of this Gatehouse and its connection with the adjacent buildings. • MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERE17RY. 1 2 7 The passage is continued southward under two severies of later Norman vaulting covering the Gate Hall, of which the above-mentioned archway is the Portal (Fig. 21), and the transverse arch (2, 8) that terminates these , OELERElit& COU IV? O l i z t 7 , 4 C O U R T PLAN B Fig. 21. tOTeliEN SS ?„„1„,,T 2 pSEET FIRST FLOOR PL/NS OF THE l'ENTISE GATEHOUSE. F i g . 22. 35 4 24 severies to the south carries a Norman wall (as shewn in Fig. 30), which indicates that the vaulting had a chamber constructed above i t which, together with it, formed described Remains Norman this chamber, which had a central window, exist above the great portal, but are concealed by the subsequent timber front, and will be described below. T h e remainder of the wall of the Celerer's Hall, or Domus flospiturn, is ornamented with the arcade already described. MONASTERY OF OHRIST CHlffiClI IN O.A.NTER'BURY. 127 The passage is continued southward under two severies of later Nor man vaulting covering the Gate Hall, of which the above-mentioned archway is the Portal (Fig. 21), and the transverse arch (2, 3) that terminates these 0111;1;N ... 9,, , ,I, I I , 1P 30,FEET 111 "' co11F!r I z 0 0 F' . :! ... Cl) 0 I J1I ,, "· I t3 GROUND PLAN FIRST FLOOR BI Fig. 21. PLA,.~S OF TltE l'ENTISE OATJU!OUBB, Fig. 22. seve1·ies to the south carries a Norman wall (as shewn in Fig. 30), which indicates that the vaulting had a chamber constructed above it which, together with it, fo1·med a complete Gatehouse, of the ordinary form described above. Remains of the Norman north wall of this chamber, which had a central window, exist above the great portal, but are concealed by the subsequent timber front, and will be described below. The remainder of the wall of the Cele1·er's Hall, 01· Domus Hospitum, is ornamented with the arcade already de- ~cribE;i_d. • • • 128 T H 14, CONVENTIZIL BITILDINGS OF THE closer examination passage or gatehall shews that the transverse ribs and groined vaulting, although Norman, were added some. time after the portal archway and the side wall of the: Celerer's Hall had been finished. T h e lateral arcades and pilasters of the two vaulted severies on the west side of the passage are exactly the same as those of the remainder of the wall (vide Fig. 30). T h e two broad, transverse ribs of these vaults are supported on stone imposts, inserted into the wall immediately above the imposts of the arcade, and projecting over them, like corbels, to carry the first voussoirs (vide Fig. 24). T h e groins are set up upon inserted corbels (Fig. 23), or start from blocks sunk into the walls,-,--evidently some time after the arcades and deep entrance portal were completed. Fig. 23.-MSERTgD COILBEL AND 'VAULT AT 311, Fig. The east side of the vaulted passage is bounded partly 128 THE CONVENTUA.L BTJII,DINGS OF THE A closer examination of the vaults of the .entrance passage or gatehall shews that the transverse ribs and groined vaulting, although Norman, were added some· time after the portal .archway and the side wall of the: Celerer's Hall had been :finished. The lateral arcades and pilasters of the two vaulted se·veries on the west side of the passage are exactly the same as those of the remainder of the wall (vide Fig. 30). The two broad, transverse ribs of these vaults are supported on stone imposts, inserted into the wall immediately above the imposts of the arcade, and projecting over them, like corbels, to cru:ry the first voussoirs ( vide Fig. 24 ). The groins are set up upon inserted corbels (Fig. 23), or start from blocks sunk into the walls,-_ evidently some time afte1· the arcades and deep entrance portal were completed. Fig. 23,-INS~I\T.ED Coll.DEL AND 'VA1JLT AT M, Fig, 24. The east side of the vaulted passage is bounded partly MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 2 9 by the wall of the Kitchen offices, with the abovementioned Norman 21), by the wall at the angle of the Norman Kitchen, which afterwards and received the buttresses-, of' which the lower parts (15, 16, Fig. 21).remain. • -But these malls are not parallel to .the west- wall of '.MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN OANT.ERBURY. ]29 .D. l: .a.: Ia: w Ill l: < · :z: u .J l'1 Cl) Q < a: ~ .0. . r . a....:. < 111 VI I- ... z 111 Q. .J i5 a:: 0 ll. .....I < :I I .I.l.l < 0 0 z :, 0 . a: ",._ 0 .: > 1'I ..I :; .. .".' .z. ~ =:: ~ by the wall of the Kitchen offices, with· the abovementioned Nol'man zigzag arch (6, Fig. 21);-' and partly by the wall at the angle of the Norman Kitchen, which was afte{·wards employed for the later Kitchen, and-then i·eceived the buttresses-, of which the ·lower parts (15, 16, Fig: 21}.remain. • • • ·-But these- :walls al'e ·not parallel to . the west-w.all of VOL. VII. lC 130 • T H E CONVEXTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE the passage and not in the same direction, as Fig. shews. A lso the transverse arch (4, 5) of the intruded necessarily obliquely across the passage, resting on a corbel-stone inserted above the abacus of the arcade at 4, and directed so as to clear, at the east • impost, the Norman doorway at 5. T h e second transverse arch (2, 3), which completes the vaulted passage, . rests in the same way upon the impost (2) and on an (. These facts shew that the Celerer's Hall, when first stood completely free o f the Kitchen, as the delineates them. The the stair-turret as now, but merely carried a pair of gates hinged against its southern face, which may therefore have been squareheaded, as in the Norman drawing, which represents wicket and the gable above the gates. T h e conversion chamber over a vaulted Gate Hall, was an afterwork, but yet in the Norman time, and carried out in the manner described above. The zigzag arch mentioned above supplies a passage Hall, also Gate Hall to Chillenden's Chambers (18) ; and on the opposite side of that Hall, a doorway (11., Fig. 21), now Celerer's Guesten Hall, as this building is now generally called. The Porter's Lodge may have been fitted up either on ; the east Or west side of the Gate Hall,—that is, either in the enclosed space within, the zigzag arch or in the sub vaults. But the door to the subvaults gave access to the spiral staircase or vice contained i n the square turret at the north-east Hall., This originally door in angle of, 130 · · • THE C0NVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF TID: the passage and not in the same direction, as Fig. 21 shews. Also the tl'ansverse arch ( 4, 5) of the intruded • vault is necessa1ily built obliquely across the passage, . 1·esting on a corbel-stone inserted above the abacus of the al'Cade at 4, and directed so as to clear, at the east . impost, the Norman doorway at 5. The second transverse arch (2, 3), which completes the vaulted passage, . ·rests in the same way upon the impost (2) and on an inserted corbel in the wall of the kitchen (at 3). . These facts shew that the Celerer's Hall, when first built, stood completely free of the Kitchen, as the Norman drawing delineates them. The deep Gateway or Portal joined the stair-tu1·Tet of the Celerer's Hall, as now, but merely carried a pair of gates hinged against its southern face, which may therefore have been squareheaqed, as in the Norman drawing, which represents their south aspect, as is evident from the position of the wicket and the gable above the gates. The con version of this into a complete Gatehouse, with an upper chamber over a vaulted Gate Hall, was an afterwork, but yet .in the Norman time, and carried out in the manner de- . ·scribed above. The zigzag arch mentioned above supplies a passage , from the Kitchen to the Gate Hall, and also from the . Gate Hall to Chi.llenden's Chambers (18); and on the opposite side of that Hall, ·a doorway (11, Fig. 21), now 1 walled up, led to the subvaults of the Celerei-'s Hall, or Guesten Hall, as this building is now generally called. , The Porter's Lodge may have been fitted up either on ; the east 01· west-side of the Gate Hall,-that is, either in the enclosed_.space within the zigzag arch or in the subvaults. . But the door to the subvaults gave access to the spiral staircase or vice contained in the square turret at the .iiol'th-east angle of the · Guest Hall. . This vice was originil. lly entered by a door ~ the 3:-ngle of. the subvaults MONASTERY OF . CHRIST CHURCH I N . CANTERBURY. 1 3 1 (10, Fig. 21), which was walled up when the site of that Hall passed into the King's hands and subsequently to the Archbishop at the Dissolution.' The turret itself is distinguished by a Peculiar caprice of construction of which I know no other example, and will therefore endeavour to explain. The view of this turret in Fig. 29 shews two curved projections from its north face, which appear to be the outsides of niches or blind oriels. Thei r real nature i s shewn by the plan and section annexed (Figs. 25 and 26), in which minor details are omitted. The tur- Fig. 25. ret i n this section i s supposed to be cut by a trans- , D SECTION verse vertical plane passing through the centre o f the circular stair-well in the direction N S. The eastern half of the turret walls are removed, as shewn by the shading o f the plan; b u t the steps themselves of this eastern half remain undisturbed. The plan shews that the turret is bounded externally by flat surfaces on the west, east, and south sides; but on the north side i t bulges out with a cylindrical surface with L w a l i s . r e e r Fig. 26. PLAN I Access to the bottom of these stairs was afterwards obtained by breaking a door into the turret from the Portal arCh (at 9). B u t this was. done long after the Gatehouse had merged into the Prebendal House. K2 MONASTERY OF . CHRIST CHlJlWH IN . CA.NTERDURY. 131 (10, Fig. 21), which was walled np when the site of that Hall passed into the King's hands and subsequently to the Archbishop at the Dissolution.1 The tlll'ret itself is distingttished by a peculiar caprice of construction of which I know no other example, and will therefore endeavour to explain. The view of this turret in Fig. 29 shews two curved projections from its north face, which appear to be the outsides of niches or blind oriels. Their real nature is shewn by the plan and section annexed (Figs. 25 and 26 ), in which minor E details are omitted. The tur- Fig. 26. 1·et in this section is supposed to be cut by a transverse vertical plane passing through the cent.re of the circular stair-well in the direction s . . The eastern half of the turret walls are removed, as shewn by the shading of the plan; but the steps themselves of this eastSECTION C ern half remain undisturbed. ----+"'1-s.i:::;..,_-l~-- The plan shews that the tuuet is bounded externally by flat surfaces on the west, east, and south sides; but on the north side it bulges out with a cylindrical smface concentric with the stair-well, e E e ' Fig. 26. ·-N PLAN 11.wn.us.ne.,. 1 Access to the bottom of these stofrs was afterwards obtained by breaking a door into the turret from the J.>ortal arch. (at 9). But this was. done long nfler the Gatehouao had merged into the Prebendal House. • K 2 132 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE which might have been carried up continuously to the but are interrupted by flat surfaces and faces The be understood by following the course of a person entering the tower at the bottom by a door at the southwest H e and with his face to the east, and proceed upwards to B, C, D, and E in succession. When passing the side semidome clear the head of a tall man; but the flat surface D G on the opposite side to the person at C, does not offer to his passage. Similarly the passenger when at D is received in the shallow niche D H, and when he reaches the upper landing is completely clear the flat I t difficult reason for the introduction of this device. base vice, level floor another doorway 24, 22), by which was Ascending come doorway extremity, Before platform small chamber over the Portal, which the drawing represents a roof, apparently constructed of timber-work. Re-entering the vice and ascending it we arrive at another or formed in the thickness of the north gable Guest only ruined the floors and 132 THE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE which might have been carried up continuously to the top, . but are interrupted by flat smfaces at G D and H K, the inner faces of ·which coincide with the dotted line d e · of the plan. The effect of this construction will be understood by following the course of a person entering the tower at the bottom by a door at the southwest corner. He would begin the ascent with the step c and with his face to the east, and proceed upwards to· B, C, D, and E in succession. When passing the side B F, the semidome F G of the niche is high enough to clear the head of a tall man; but the flat surface D G merely serves to support the ends of the steps, and being on the opposite side to the person at C, does not offer obstruction to his passage. Similarly the passenger when at D is received in the shallow niche D H, and when he reaches the upper landing is completely clear of the flat wall K H. It is difficult to discover the reason for the introduction of this device. Above the original doorway at the base of this vice, and at the level of the floor of the Guest Hall, is another doorway (24, Fig. 22), by which that Hall was reached from below. Ascending a little higher we come. to a third dool'way (25), which opens on the floor of the Paradise chamber over the Gate Hall at its north extremity, which lies over the deep portal. Before the vaulted Gate Hall was added, this doorway merely led to a platform or a small chamber over the Portal, which the Norman drawing represent~ with a gabled roof, appa~ rently constructed of timber-work. Re-entering the vice and ascending it we arrive at another doorway, which opened westward into a gallery 01· passage formed in the thickness of the nOl'th gable wall of the Guest Hall, of which only a small ruined portion remains, as shewn in Fig. 29. ·The two doorways above described as opening from the vice to the. -floors of the Guest Hall and chamber over MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 3 3 communication two apartments. I t probable, withdrawing-to the Guest Hall from the When built the east Pentise Gatehouse, height was TOM above i t the manner described Ch. VII. sect. 1). The pointed door of communication the residing reach the Guest Hall through this withdrawing-room thus suite of chambers. Similarly a door of communication floor was made new upper Heaven-the gatehouse, from which a door led to the upper landing of the vice Fig. 25), and thus downwards to the Guest became We must now return to the description of the Celerer's I t been basement wall is ornamented with an arcade, of which the arches absorbed the Gate Hall. Beyond these, space of the Celerer's Court, the arcade is continued in series along east southwards, narrower succeeded doorway 3), beyond more arches terminate doorway adorned sculptured work, and dilapidated; but more condition was described by Somner, writing before the year 1640, as, "A fair door, over which is cut in the the resemblance of the On. Saviour ;" MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH lN CANTERBURY. 13.3 the Gate Hall, respectively, provided an easy communication between these two apartments. It" appears ·pro" bable, therefore, that the latter may have been employed as a withdrawing-room to the Guest Hall from the beginning. When Chillenden's Chambers were built.in contact with the east wall of this Pentise Gatehouse, the height of this withdrawing-room was reduced, and a second room built above it in the manner described below (Oh. VII. sect. 1). - The pointed door of communication from the first floor of that building was then made to enable the Guests residing in the Chambers to 1·each the Guest Hall through this withdrawing-1·oom (then named Paradise), which thus became part of the suite of chambers. Similarly a door of communication from the roof-floor of Chillenden's building was made to the new upper or Heaven-chamber of the gatehouse, from which a door led to the upper landing of the vice (E, Fig. 25), and thus downwards to the Guest Hall. These chambers thus became naturally included in the House of the seventh Prebendary at the Dissolution. We must now retU1·n to the description of the Oelerer's Hall or Guest Hall. It has been shewn that the basement wall is ornamented with an arcade, of which the two arches next to the Norman Gateway arch were absorbed in the Gate Hall. Beyond these, in the open space of the Celerer's Colll't, the arcade is continued in a series of six equal arches along the east wall southwards, a seventh nanower arch is succeeded by a do01·way (68, Plate 3), beyond which two more arches terminate the series. This ·doorway is adorned with sculptu1·ed work, now patched and dilapidated ; but when in a more perfect condition was described by Somner, writing · before the year 1640, as, HA fair door, over which is cut in the stonework the resemblance of the Holy Ghost, in the Dove's form, descending on our Saviour;· and under his 134 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE. feet the statue of an 'Archbishop (haply the Founder) in. pontificals.'!' When Somn_er wrote, perfect, but was in the hands of the Archbishop. Hooked stone corbels' are fixed in the wall above the arcade and door, and shew that a roofed ambulatory was provided for the shelter of persons passing from the Court gate to this ornamental entrance doorway through The western or inner face .of this wall has, at its southern extremity, two recessed arches o f carefully finished Norman masonry within, corresponding with two last arches without. T h e thin walls which close them now contain windows of pointed form. T h e southern gable is, with the exception of the bases and parts the piers and a piece o f work of old, fragments, employed merely to make good the party-wall between the Cathedral precincts and the Archbishop's land. B u t the lower parts of the piers shew that this end wall was provided within with finished arches, like western face side-Also appearance between I t be inferred from these particulars that this south portion o f the building corresponding to the doors and arches was a vestibule of considerable height. But the remainder of the inner face of this wall appears to have received a series o f vaults, forming the usual substructure of monastic buildings, and sustaining the floor of the. Hall.. The springing of these vaults is easily seen at the north end, against the stair-turret' (Fig. 29) ; and above, en the level o f the first floor, 2 in 3 In a accumulation earth been raised against concealing remains Projecting piers when, plans and ,made in 134 . THE CONVENTU'AL BUILDINGS OF THE. • feet the statue of au Archbishop (haply the Fomide1J· in his poutificals.''.1 When Somner '\-note, this hall was pe1fect, but was in the hands of the Ar chbishop. Hooked stone corbels2 are fixed in the wall above the arcade and door, and shew that a roofed ambulatory was provided for the shelter of persons passing from the Court gate to this ornamental entrance doorway through the Pentise Gate. The western or inner face .of this wall .has, at its southern extremity, two recessed arches of carefully finished N Ol'man masonry within, c01-responding with the t,vo last arches without. The thin walls which close them now contain windows of pointed form. The southern gable is, with the exception of the bases and lower parts of tlie piers and walls, a piece of patch work of old fragments, employed merely to make good the party~wall between the Cathedral p1·ecincts and the Archbishop's land. But the lower parts of the piers shew that this end wall was provided within with finished Norman arches, like those of the western face of the side~wall. Also these Norman arches exhibit no appear• ance of the springing of vaults betw~en them. It must be inferred from these particulars that this south portion of the building corresponding to the doors and arches was a vestibule of considerable height. But the remainde1· of the inner face of this wall ap ·pea1·s to have received a series of vaults, forming the usual substtucture of monastic buildings, and sustaining the floor of the. Hall.. The spr~nging of these vaults is easily seen at the north encl, against the stair-turret8 (Fig. 29); and above, on the level of the first :floor, 1 Somner, p. 110. . . ~ One of these is shewn above the arcade 10. Fig. 80. ~ In late years a. great acc~mulation of garden-ear~h has bee~ 1·ai~e~ aaainst.the west or inner face of this north end, concenhng and obliterating the remains of p1·~jecting piers which were visible when my plaus o.nd •sketches were mlido'in· 1847. OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 3 5 doorway gave entrance to from the turret-stairs. Along the middle of the wall this springing is obliterated by a facing of flints applied; to repair i t in modern times. From these indications we may infer that the above-mentioned south vestibule contained a flight of steps, conducting the guests who entered the building through the ornamental door from the Celerer's Court to the floor of the Hall. observed, end convenient proximity to the Convent Butteries and Celr beneath the great Refectory or Frater and also, at its other extremity, is in communication with the Convent Kitchen. The south-east angle of the Celerer's Hall is opposite to the, north-west angle o f the ,Refectory, and angles are connected by segmental arch, about 26 feet span. and 4 feet wide, of molded bricks. arch lies the direction end-Hall, and meets the Refectory diagonally between its The upper the arch nearly corresponds to the Refectory, having I t have. carried covered passage to 1 I n (vide south-east Court, and Locutorium extend, one along the back-of the passage, other along the butteries. This cloister is drawn as plan 'shows, enclose a separate garden between i t and, the Cloister-wall. H e tells i t an a chimney i t often been for purpose; 'MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN C.ANTE~URY, 135 the doorway remains which gave · entrance· to the Hall from the tmret-stairs. Along the middle of the wall this springing is obliterated by a facing of flints applied. to repair it in modern times. From these indications we may infer that the above-mentioned south vestibule contained a flight of steps, conducting the guests who entered the building thrnugh the ornamental door from the Celerer's Court to the floor of the Hall. This Hall, it will be observed, is, at its south encl in convenient proximity to the Convent Butteries and Uel~ lerage, beneath the great Refectory or Frate1·; ancl also, at its other extremity, is in communication with the Convent Kitchen. The south-east angle of the Celerer's Hall is opposite to the, north-west angle of the Refectory, and. these two angles axe connected by a segmental · arch, about 26 feet span and 4 feet wide, of molded bricks. This arch lies in the direction of the ~ml-wall of the Hall, and meets the Refectory diagonally between its corner buttresses. The upper line of -the arch nearly conesponds to the floor of the Celerer's Hall, and also to the level of the old floor of the ll.efectory, both having been raised upon subvaults. It may therefore have_ ca.rried a covered passage for direct access from one t~ the other.1 • In the Norman drawing (vide Plates 1 and 2), a short cloistered alley is formed in the south-east angle of the Celerer's Court, and is labelled " Locu torium ;" its two branches extend, the one along the back-wall of the Kitchen passage, the other along the- wall of the butteries. This cloisteris .drawn with simple arches resting . . 1 In Gostling's time, this arch was backed on the south side by a wall which, ns Wilkes's plan -shews, served to enclose n separate garden between it and the great Cloister-wall- He tells us it was an alcove, so much like a. chimney that it was often looked upon as having bean built fo1• that purpose ; but he gives various reasons ·against this opinion, without venturing to supply one of his own. • 136 T u R CONVENTUAL BUILDING-S OF THE on isolated pillars, and has been described above, under the head of "Refectory and Kitchen Court." (Ch. IV. sect. 3.) CHAP. V I I . COURT. The Pentise. This was a roofed alley, built against the west boundary Green contact the Porter's Lodge of the Court Gate at its north end, and with the front wall of the Pentise Gatehouse at its south end, so as to provide a sheltered passage from the city entrance Convent that which, as have seen, is the portal of the Celerer's domain. I t is a wooden structure of the simplest form, but unmistakably medimval in character. T h e Court wall its western boundary; its eastern is dwarf capped with a course of masonry, upon which rests a wooden sill. T h e height of this wall above the ground is diminished by the great accumulation of soil, to about two feet at its southern end, but must originally have stood between four and five feet above the surface. The width of the alley between the two walls is eight feet. The dwarf wall carries a wooden colonnade of plain chamfered posts, framed into the sill below (Fig. 24); sustaining a long plate or rail above, corresponding to a one on the wall Court. The roof pointed one, eaves discharging into the Convent Court on one side and the Archbishop's Ground on the other. T h e height o f the wooden colonnade from the top o f the dwarf wall to the top of the upper plate is six feet. The framing of the roof ,consists o f principal and intermediate trusses. The principal trusses (Fig. 28) are placed at intervals of twelve feet, from centre to centre, 136 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE on isolated pillars, and has been desci·ibed above, under the head of "Refectory and Kitchen Court." (Oh. IV. sect. 3.) CHAP, VII. GREEN COURT. 1. Tlie Pentise. This was a roofed alley, built against the west boundary wall of the Green Court, in contact with the Porter's Lodge ·of the Court Gate at its north end, and with the front wall of the Pentise Gatehouse at its south end, so as to provide a sheltered· passage from the city entrance of the Convent to that Gatehouse, which, as we have seen, is the portal of the Cele1·er's domain. It is a wooden structure of the simplest form, but unmistakably medireval in characte1·. The Court wall is its western boundary; its eastern is a dwarf wall, capped with a · course of masom·y, upon which rests a wooden sill: The height of this wall above the ground is diminished by the ·great accumulation of soil, to about two feet at .its southern end, but must originally have stood between four and five feet above the SUl'face. The· width of the alley between the two walls is eight feet. The dwarf wall carries a wooden colonnade of plain chamfered posts, framed into the sill below (Fig. 24); sustaining a long plate or rail above, corresponding to a similar one on the wall of the Court. The l'OOf is a high pointed one, with eaves dischai-ging its rainwater into the Convent Court on one side and the Archbishop's Ground on the other. The height of the wooden colonnade from the top of the dwarf wall to the top of the upper plate is six feet. • . The framing of the roof _consists of principal and intermediate trusses. The principal trusses (Fig. 28) are placed at intervals of twelve feet, from centre to centre, MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 3 7 dividing the length. of the Pentise into severies, and are as :— tie-the end, and into the similar plate or rail which is carried the middle, and is supported by two braces, curved below, so as to form portions of a semicircle struck from F i g . 2 7 . - B L E I r AT I O N O F F O R T E G A B L E O N T H E LINE C Fig. F i g . 2 8 . --SECTION O F PENTISE F E, Fig. 21. centre, which has a radius o f four feet. These braced tie-beams firmly connect the open colonnade of the Pentise with the wall of the Court. The truss iS slighter above for the support of the covering materials of the roof. This slighter frame consists of two rafters, connected, a pair of intersecting braces, and framed to the tie-beam. MONASTERY OF CHRIST OHURCK .u"f CANTERBURY. j37 dividing the length of the Pentise into severie·s, and are constructed as follows :- .A tie-beam is framed into the wall plate at its west end, and into the similar plate or rail which is carried by the posts: at its east end, the tie is slightly raised in the middle, and is supported by two braces, curved below, so as to form portions of a semicircle struck from Fig. 27 ,-ELJIV.A.TION O.P NOm'li 0.ADLB ON THE C D, Fig. 21. l•'ig. 28,-SEC'l'ION OF PBNTISB AT F E, Fig. 21. a centre, which has a radius of four feet. These braced tie-beams ffrmly connect the open colonnade of the Pentise with the wall of the ·Court. The truss is completed by a slighter frame above the tie-beam, fol' the support of the covering materials of the roof. This slighter frame consists of two rafters, connected by a pair of intersecting braces, and framed to the tie-beam. 138 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE trusses are exactly this slighter frame, but the feet of their rafters are framed to the *plate and as they tie-trusses are placed between each Every over a post of the colonnade, which is made rather stouter the intermediate posts. B u t there relation trusses, there principal post as 24) and plan T h e actual roofcovering the Pentise the Pentise condition, shew the north Gatehouse, which up to the end of the fourteenth century completely masked by the addition of the timber building 24) advance Norman second floor placed over the original chamber, overhangs timber below at E. T h e whole second covered long roof, projecting eaves (shewn 29 30). Thus the venerable was present century The exact construction and connected ancient Pentise, shewn by (Fig. 24), and the lower part of the timber Pentise is abruptly short it, is esigned such a to extremity. The extended wall 138 THE CONVENTUA.L DUILDINGS OF THE The intermediate trusses are exactly similar to this • slighter frame, but the ~eet of their rafters are framed . to the :wall plate and rail, as they have no tie-beam. Six intermediate trusses are placed · between each pair of principal trusses. Every principal truss rests directly over a post of the colonnade, which is made i·ather stoute1· than the intermediate posts. But there is no 1·elation between the latter and the intermediate trusses, for there are six of these trusses and three of the posts between each principal post and truss, as the elevation (Fig. 24) and plan (Fig. 21) shew. The actual roofcovering is omitted altogether in the sketches. To understand the junction of the Pentise with the P entise Gatehouse, we must examine its present condition, which will shew us that the north front of that Gatehouse, which up to the end of the fourteenth century was entirely visible from the Green Court, became completely masked by the addition of the timber building now standing, the front (E, D, C, Fig. 24) of which is not only six feet in ad'!ance of the Norman wall (B), but has a second :floor (L, E) placed over the original Gatehouse chamber, which floor overhangs the timber front below at E. The whole length of this second floor is covered with a long roof, finished with projecting eaves (shewn in Figs. 29 and 30). Thus the venerable stone Norman Gatehouse was converted to its present aspect, which resembles a picturesque fifteenth century grange of studwork. The exact construction and manner in which this additional structure is connected with the ancient masonry and Pentise, is shewn by the section (Fig. 24 ), and the lower part of the. timber frame of the front is shewn in elevation (Fig. 27). • The Pentise is abruptly cut short to receive it, and the form of the frame is d,esigned in such a way as to support its truncated exti·emity. The floor of the ancient · upper chamber is extended beyond the face of the wall Opposite page 139. F i g . 3 0 . - - T r m O F T H E SOUTH G A B L E O F T H E F E M M E GATEHOUSE, W I T H REMAINS O F T H E K I T C H E N . Opposite page 139. - _-::::::=- - - _:.~ _...._; .. -.-•,, ... , _:--::_ ~ ---.----~vt.-: . Fig. 30.-VIEW OF THE SOUTX GAJJLE OF TllE l'BN'l'ISB GA.TEHOUSE, l'l'ITX RIDUINS OF TIIB Krl'CUK. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 3 9 to meet this timber frame, by which i t is Supported at (Fig. 24); and thus a small closet, feet by five, is obtained, which at present has two sash windows in front. t..L1 'y 1 1 4 ..ii.;C:—.-4.41;1*.` 4. W T i ILLIE. DEL. F i g . 2 9 .- V I E W O r T H E r E N T I S E GATEHOUSE, P R O M T H E NORTH-WEST, I N T H E PALACE GROUNDS. Before these changes this upper chamber was much and had probably open B u t removed, order second-chamber. The Norman north and south gables of this chamber .ruthlessly sustained by gable, brackets below. original wall :first-floor chamber remains undisturbed, excepting that the sill wall of the window has been pulled down :MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 139 to meet this timber frame, by which it is supported at D .(Fig. 24); and thus a small closet, thirteen feet by five, is obtained, which at present has two sash windows in front. - ~ 2L: ?:... I Fig. 29,-VXEW OP TllE PBl\'l'ISE GATEHOUSE, PRO)! TllE NORTU-WEST1 IN THE PALJI.OB GltoUNDS. Befote these changes this upper chamber was much ·higher and had probably an open roof. But this was now removed, in order to gain a second.floor chamber. The Norman north and south gables of this chamber were 1·uthlessly cut down to the level of this floor, which is sustained by them and carried outwards, resting on the top of the timber frame, and projecting beyond it, so .as to form an overhanging gable, with brackets beloiv:. The lower part of the 01·iginal Norman north wall of this first-floor chamber i·emai:i:ts undisturbed, excepting that the sill wall of the window has been pulled down 1 4 0 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF TILE to convert i t into a doorway, the lower part of the shafts mutilated, and the arch-head of the window, indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 27, entirely destroyed. That the Pentise, when first constructed, was carried up to the wall of the Gatehouse, is manifest from the following considerations. We have seen that the Pentise into severies, twelve by principal posts and roof-trusses. Now, the southernmost of these principal frames (A, Fig. 24) is fixed at (C D) house against which the Pentise now terminates, and post (is only from this frame. Thus the last severy of the Pentise is abruptly truncated in its length in a manner that could not have been the work of the original builders. B u t referring to the Plan (Fig, 21), in which 22, are two principal severy, seen that the distance of from the face of the Norman arch is precisely sufficient to contain another severy. I t may concluded, the masonry, terminated manner the lines Fig. and. 21). The was the face line of the Norman portal, dividing the two halves, for the the open The last principal post (B, Fig. 24) stood at the end of the roof carried on Norman and turret, indeed the western half of it still does (Fig. 29). Thus, Gatehouse, its ornamental portakwas I t must be inferred that. the.order in which the works considering namely,Chillenden's cham- ,bers, . 14 0 THI!J CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE to convert it into a doorway, the lower part of the shafts mutilated, and the arch-head· of the window, indicated by dotted lines in J?ig. 27, entirely destroyed. That the Pentise, when first constructed, was carried up to the wall of the Gatehouse, is manifest from the following considerations. VVe have seen that the Pentise is divided in~o equal seveTies, each twelve feet in length, by principal posts and roof-trusses. Now, the southernmost of these principal frames ( A, Fig. 24) is :fixed at seven feet only from the framed front (0 D) of the wooden house against which the Pentise now terminates, and the last intermediate post (F) is only a foot from this frame. Thus the last severy of the Pentise is abruptly truncated in its length in a manner that could not have been the work of the original builders. But 1·efening to the Plan (Fig. 21 ), in which 22, 23 arn two principal trusses of the Pentise roof, including one severy, it will be seen that the distance of 22 from the face of the Norman arch is precisely sufficient to contain another such severy. It may be concluded, therefore, that the Pentise when first set up was simply carried up to the face of the masonry, and te1·minated there, in the manner shewn by the dotted lines in the Section (F_ig. 24) and Plan (Fig. 21 ). The dwarf wall ·was continued up to the face line of the Norman portal, dividing the archway into two halves, fo1· the persons entering from the Pentise or .from the open Court respectively. The l ast principal post (B, Fig. 24) stood at the end of the dwarf wall, and the toof of the Pentise was canied on to join the face of the Norman wall and turret, as indeed the western half of it still does (:Fig. ·29). Thus, the gable wall of the Gatehouse, with its ornamental .Norman window over the portal•,. was not hidden at first. It must be inferred that the··orcler in which the works :we are con,side1ing (namely,..Ch.illenden's range of cham, b.ers1 the long Pentise, and the substitution of the ParaMONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 4 1 dise and Heaven chambers for the single Norman carried following :— The Pentise was first built and brought up complete to the Norman face of the Pentise gatehouse, at that time unaltered. Next Chillenden's range of chambers was taken in hand, and i t became manifest that additional space might be obtained by cutting down the north and south walls of the Norman chamber (perhaps ruinous) to the level of the upper floor or roof of Chillenden's building, so as to allow of this floor being extended over the chamber below. A t the same time the porch and projecting elongations of the two new chambers above i t were constructed, by which the Pentise was truncated below became a porch i n front portal arch, which received the passengers from the the present state end employed various domestic The space by the porch, shorn height by accumulation ground, scullery,—masonic methods does assuredly deserve, but which, after all, may be preferable to a damaging restoration. The Turret Vice has become the mentioned. distance from the Norman Pentise is about two hundred and forty feet, which, as each MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTER:BURY. 141 dise and Heaven chambel's for the single Norman chamber of the Gatehouse) were carried on in the following order :- The Pentise was first built and brought up complete to the Norman face of the Pentise gatehouse, at that time unaltered. Next Chillenden's range of chambers was taken in hand, and it became manifest that additional space might be obtained by cutting down the north and south walls of the Norman cham her ( perhaps ruinous) to the level of the upper floor 01· roof of Chillenden's building, so as to allow of this floor being extended over the chamber below. At the same time the porch and projecting elongations of the two new chambers abov~ it wel'e constructed, by which the Pentise was truncated in the awkward manner described above. After the erection of the projecting timber front, the space below became a porch in front of the Norman portal arch, which received the passengers from the Pentise or the court as before. In the present state of the House, the south end of the Pentise is employed as a shed for various domestic offices. The space occupied by the vaulted Gatehall, its portal, and the p01·ch, shorn of about three feet of its original height by the accumulation of the ground, is now closed at both ends, and converted into a servants' hall and scullery,-a fate which so valuable and ancient an example of masonic methods does assuredly not dese1 ·ve, but which, after all, may be preferable to a damaging restoration. The Turret Vice has become the back staircase to the chambers above, being entered from the servants' hall by the breach in the wall already mentioned. The distance from the Norman face of the · Pentise Gatehouse to the south side of the Norman Court Gate is about b.vo hundred and forty feet, which, as e.ach 142 L I B CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE severy o f the Pentise occupies twelve feet, would give all. The mode Chillenden's Celerer's a new passage Gatehouse of the Curia and a repair of that Gatehouse." destruction of the upper story of that edifice, but the jamb of a Perpendicular window, close to the south gable of the gatehouse (Fig. 30; and 35, Fig. 22), remains. The "repair of the Court Gatehouse" applies to the upper story and the inserted gateway arches described below. 2. Court Gatehouse. In the course of our survey we have now passed in and order through every o f precinct, the end of the Green T h e along us to the (p. 124 above), beyond the apparently least commenced Fig. specimen of a pure Norman gatehouse, but has unfortunately original chamber, rebuilt by Chillenden.. The east and west faces o f the Gatehouse in the portion are flat, no projecting buttresses turrets. T h e portal or simple semicircle, twO orders shafts carrying narrow sculptured moldings. The flat aule eelerarii via Port= ejuedem porte." . • 142 . . THE CONv.ENTUAL JJUILDINGS OF l'HE severy of the Pentise occupies twelve feet, "vould give twenty severies in all.. The exact mocle of its junction with the latter Gatehouse is described below. • In Chillenden 's List ( sect. 23) we find, under the head of Repairs in the Curia or Green Court, "Certain repairs of the Celerer's Hall, with a rtew passage to the Gatehouse of the Curia and a repair of that Gatehouse."1 His repairs of the Celerer's Hall have vanished with the destruction of the upper story of that edifice, but the jamb of a Perpendicular window, close to the south gable of the gatehouse (Fig. 30; and 35, Fig. 22), remains. The "new passage" is plainly the Pentise, and the " repair of the Court Gatehouse" applies to the upper story and the inserted gateway arches described below. • 2. Cou1·t Gatehouse. In the course of our survey we have now passed in detail and order th1·ough evei-y part of the precinct, excepting the north · encl 9f the west side of the G1·een Court, and its north side. The Pentise along the west side has led us to the Court Gatehouse, already partly described (p. 124 above), beyond which is the North Hall, appa1·ently erected, or at least commenced at the same time with it. The "Court Gate" (plan, Fig-. 31) is.an excellent spe• cimen of a pure Norman gatehouse, but has unfortu•· nately lost its oxiginal upper cbambex, that having been rebuilt by Chillenden. The east and west faces of the Gatehouse in the Norman portion are fiat, and have no prnjecting buttresses or turrets. The portal or gateway is a simple semicii-cle, ornamented in front by two shallow orcJers of shafts carrying narrow sculptured moldings. The fiat 1 "Quodammodo reparatio nule celero.rii cum nova via. ad Portam Curie,. et reparatio ejusdem porte.'' . MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 4 3 spandrel of the arch on each side has a shallow, archheaded pannel and a circular panne', bordered with zigzag.' The soffit of the gateway arch plain deep. T h e Gate Hall is vaulted with a plain waggon plain, transverse The outer walls of Chillenden's upper chamber are plain, and it has at the west end a high perpendicular window of two lights, with a transom, and at the east a lights—restoration, the old one. I t s roof timbers consist of plain tie-beams, with curved braces below at each end in the usual This chamber was originally reached by a staircase from the floor of the North Hall, which still remains. building of Perpendicular date, on the south side, as Plan entered by pointed doorway (D) from the Gate Hall. I t s eastern wall (C) retains portion south wall. This exhibits a fragment of Perpendicular molding, apparently These remains are enclosed 1 I n Norman circular gables north-west Chapter House, Brewhouse and Granary, where we find arch or flanked pannels The Gatehouse drawn window three circular now remaining, been s The seven The span the two seventeen The 'the Christchurch Gatehouse, one fifteen feet nineteen The the Abbaye aux Caen, (Vide Pugba's Normandy?) :MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 143 spandrel of the arch on each side has a shallow, archheaded pannel and a circular pannel, bordered with zigzag.1 The soffi.t of the gateway arch is plain and deep.!~ 'The Gate Hall is vaulted with a plain waggon vault, divided into two severies by a plain, broad, transverse rib, springing from pilasters of the same dimensions. The outer walls of Chillenden's upper chamber are plain, ancl it has at the west end a high perpendicular window of two lights, with a trnnsom, anrl at the east a low window of six lights-a restoration, apparently, of the old one. Its roof timbers consist of plain tie-beams, with cm;ved braces below at each end in the usual manner, carrying a flat roof slightly raised in the middle. This chamber was originally reached by a staircase from the floor of the North Hall, which still l'emains. The Porter's Lodge of the Court Gate was a subsidiary building of Perpendicular date, on the south side, as shewn in the Plan (Fig. 31), and entered by a pointed doorway (D) from the Gate Hall. Its eastern wall (C) 1·etains a small portion of the south wall. This exhibits a fragment of Perpendicular molding, apparently belonging to a doorway. These remains are enclosed t In the N 01·man drawing circuln.r openings are shewn in the gables or the north-west transept of the Chapter House, the Dormitory, and the J3rewhouse and Granary, where we .find an arch headed slit 02• pannel, flanJred by two circular pannels or openings. The pediment of the Gate. house we are considering is drawn with a two-light window and th1·ee of these ch-cular pannels, which, although in all these cases simply delineated as round black spots, are in all probability intended for such pannels as those now remaining, which may have been originally openings to light the spandrels of the vault within. 2 The entire depth of the portal is seven feet six inches, of which five feet three inches is plain soffit. The span of the arch is but tvro feet less than the width of the Gate Hall behind it, which is seventeen feet eight inches. The entire length of this gatehouse from ·east to west is thirty-six feet; the lengths of the Pentise Gatehouse and of the Ohristehurch Gatehouse, thirty-one feet and twenty-seven feet, and the breadth of their halls, :fifteen feet; and nineteen feet. The deep, plain, waggon vaulted portals of the two Norman gates assimilate them to the Gatehouse of the Abba.ye auX Dames at Cuen, founded by Lanfranc. (Vide.:Pugin's 'Normandy.') 144 T H iq CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OP THE in the house now assigned to the Auditor. Somner's Note to the 6th Stall in the Distribution Document Appendix,' No, us under Gate, southwards, was not only a door opening into the Fig. 31.--3LAR OF COURT GATE, ETC. .then Porter's Lodge, but also another door (E) opening into that long entry or Pentise. Thi s doorway still remained when I drew the plan Fig. 31, and was only lately removed. I t was a pointed arch, with a single those inserted. The Porter's Lodge was removed to the north side, as till lately, in 1550. North Hall or A la Nova. The Norman entrance gateway which we have considered 144 • THE CONVENTU.A.L BUILDINGS OF THE in the house now assigned to the Auditor. Somner's Note to the 6th Stall in the Distribution Document (' Appendix,' No .. VIII.), tells us that under the Court Gate, southwards, was not only a door opening into the Fig. 31.-l'LA.N' 01' COUltT GA.Tll7 ETC • . then Pol'ter's Lodge; but also another door (E) opening into that long entry or Pentise. This doorway still remained when I drew the plan Fig. 31, and was only lately removed. It was a • pointed arch, with a single hollow molding, like those of the inserted gate-arches. The Porter's Lodge was removed to the north side, as till lately, in 1550. • 3. North., Hctll m· Ll.ula Nova. The Norman entrance gateway which we have consi-: dered above appears to have been built at the same time OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 4 5 the extended northward, the This Hall is labelled " Aula Nova" in the Norman drawing, and termed the _Mg g in the Distribution described as room.es ye ye whole garden with the vaults and towne wall." I t is termed the North in a charter of Henry VI. (Somner, 112), and "the Gate" amongst the works of Prior De Estria in 1290, who repaired it. Somner, not having seen the Norman drawing, was misled. into applying the name " Domus Hospitum" in the Chapter Documents to this building, and on his authority Gostling retained it, although he wrote after the publication of that drawing, which he frequently mentions. being raised upon a vaulted substructure, and by The was plain transverse arches and groins. The entire length of the building, when my north, and about one hundred and. forty-six internally; breadth externally forty-feet, and internally thirty-The substructure a the east. By and measuring of this edifice, I found the number o f its transverse severies nine,' my supposes bare no real wall 153, MONASTERY OF CHRIST OHURCH IN CANTE.Rl3URY. 145. with the long Hall that extended northward from the Gate Tower to the ancient boundary line of the Convent. This Hall is labelled "Aula Nova" in the Norman d1·awing, and termed the Hog_q Hall in the Distribution Document, 1546, in which it is described as " ye whole Lodging that Mr. Crosse had beneath and above with all manner of roomes within y0 gate, called ye Hogg Hall, the whole garden with the vaults and towne wall." It is termed the ·N01·tli Hall in a charter of Henry VI. (Somner, 112), and" the great Hall next the Court Gate" amongst the works of Prior De Est1·ia in 1290, who repaired it. Somner, not having seen the Norman drawing, was misled into a.pplying the name " Domus Hospitum" in the Chapter Documents to this building, and on his authority Gostling retained it, although he wrote after the publication of that drawing, which he frequently mentions. • The Hall itself was a genuine specimen of the Norman form, being raised upon a vaulted substructure, and having access to its floor by an external staircase. The substructure was vaulted with plain transverse arches and groins. The entire length of the building, when complete, was one hundred and fifty-four feet, according to my measurement, from the south outer corner to the no1-th, and about one hundred and forty-six internally; its b1·eadth externally forty-two feet, and internally thh:ty-six feet. The form of the vaults of the substructure shewed that the Hall above must have consisted of a body twenty-five feet broad, with a single side-aisle on the east. By planning and measuring the scattered fragments of this edifice, I found the number of its transverse -sevel'ies or compartments to have been nine,1 as my Plan 1 Gostling supposes the number to have been ten, but had evidently taken no measurements to determine :the renl facts. The buttresses against the west side of the wrul were built in 1566 (pp. 158, 157, 159). VOL. VII. L 146 T H 141 CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE shews. The body of the Hall was on the west side, and the vaults beneath it in two ranges sustained by a row of cylindrical Norman pillars, placed along the middle' of its length. The substructure of its side aisle was but nine feet wide, and the wall that divided the aisle from substructure an arcade squareedged, plain Norman arches, resting on square piers. The southern compartment was till lately occupied by. porter, and preserves that portion vaulted substructure. I t is now used as a schoolroom. the wall, the Norman gateway and the great Hall, retains the respond separated body the Hall from its single side-aisle.' I f their piers rested on those of the vault below, there would have been pier arches. B u t piers wall o f the house, behind the Norman staircase, is externally, and apparently its original position; and this pier stands nearly over the middle of the subvault arch. This shews that there were only eight The Norman, or Early English style.2 The archspring, of which a The buildrig of lath and plaster in 1843, engraved in Summerly's Handbook' (p. 106). Subsequently the late Mr. Austin Norman façade above arches, ancient called Eastbridge Hospital, Street, the expense of 4d., one side-arches, on crypt. This appears shew 2 height archspring shafts, .octagonal one and inches in 146 THE CONVENTU.A.L BUILDINGS OF . THE shews. The body of the Hall was on the west side, alid the vaults beneath it in two ranges sustained by a row of cylindrical Norman pillars, placed along the middle· of its length. The substructure· of its side aisle was but nine feet wide, and the wall that divided the aisle from the body of the substructure was an arcade of square-. edged, plain Norman arches, resting on square piers. The southern compartment was till lately occupied by the porter, and preserves that portion of the vaulted • substructure. It is now used as a schoolroom. On the first-floor the wall; which is common to the Norman gateway and the great Hall, retains the respond of · the row of pier arches which sepaTated the body of the Hall from its single side~aisle.1 If their piers rested on those of the vault below, there would have been nine pier arches. But one of the piers built into the wall of the house, behind · the Norman staircase, is visible externally, and apparently in its original position ; and this pier stands nearly over the middle of the subvault arch. This shews that there were only eight pier arches. The pier and respond are of very late Norman, or Early English 13tyle.2 The archspring, of which -a fragment remains above, shews the pier arches to have been of a single order, with plain chamfered edges. ; • The superstructure of the Porter's lodge was a buildng of lath and plaster in 1843, engraved in 'Summedy's Handbook' (p. 106 ) . . Subsequently the late :Mr. Austin raised a modern Norman fa~ade of stone above the old arches; which still remains. 1. The ancient building called Eastbridge Hospital, in High Street, founded to give every pilgrim a night's lodging and entertainment at th~ eicpense ot 4d., consists of a Hall with one side-aisle and a row of pier ·arches,.the whole standing 011 a ci-ypt. This appears to sbew that the construction was usual for lodging poor pilgrims. • Their 'hei"'ht from pavement to arohspring seven feet six, with shnfls, -octagono.l.in ine a.nd cylindrical in .the other, four feet ten high, and one foot eight inches'in diameter. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY' . 1 4 7 Norman and. example highly engraved.' I t Storer's view of this Norman staircase in 1813 (pl. 10), exhibits a portion Hall, time employed as the Registry, which retained Norman substructure large Early This window has a richly molded pointed on shaft, cylindrical base, and capital as usual. The opening square-headed, and the tympanum above its transom has a sunk circular pannel, with Early English moldingsl containing ornamental sketch, which unfortunately contains little more than half the breadth of the window. I t may be supposed the whole east front of the building, and were introduced arches But it is not improbable that this Aula Nova, although shown as finished the Norman drawing, carried time, that the great of 1174, concentrating erection superstructure to the first years He ninth prebendary, was fitted up for his use by floors and afterwards became that Auditor; but was disagreeably and con- 1 Ancient Storer's Cathedrals,' pl. '145. Felix 'P. L2 MONA.Sl'ERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY, 147 • The N ol'man staircase which projects from the fourth severy on the south is a unique and beautiful example of highly enriched Norman, and has been often engraved.1 It has fortunately escaped destruction hitherto. Storer's view of this Norman staircase in 1813 (pl. 10), exhibits on the south side a portion of the wall of the Hall, at that time employed as the Registry, which retained above the Norman substructure a lal'ge Early English window. This window has a richly molded pointed arch-head of one order on shaft, with cylindrical base, plinth, and capital as usual. The window opening is square-headed, and the tympanum above its tmnsom has a sunk circular pannel, with Early English moldings, c<;>ntaining an ornamental device, obscurely indicated in .the sketch, which unfortunately contains little more than half the breadth of the window. It may be supposed that windows of this pattern were employed along the whole east fropt of the building, and were introduced when the new superstructure with the above-mentioned pointed · arches was erected. But it is not improbable that this Aula Nova, although shewn as a finished building in the Norman drawing, was not completely carried. up to its roof at that time, and that the great fire of 117 4, by concentrating all building works upon the church, postponed the e1·ection of the superstructure of the Aula to the first years of the Early English style. Gostling, who was born about the year 1696, informs us that the north part of this Hall was pulled down in 1730. He says that "this portion, which was the house of the ninth prebendary, was fitted up for his use by floors and partitions, and afterwards by exchange became that of the Auditor; but was disagreeably situated and con- • 1 Carter's 'Ancient Architecture.' Storer's 'Cathedrals,' vol. i. pL 10. Turner's .'Domestic Architecture,' p. 42. Rickman's 'Gothic Architecture,' 6th edit. p. 145. Felix. Summerly, •Handbook of Canterbury,' 1843, p. 108. L2 148 T . 1 1 . 8 CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE trived, and was given up to the Dean and Chapter in I t about forty broad, and was taken down with the vaults under i t , and other chambers and offices, and the materials sold."1 A s Gostling knew the building and witnessed its demolition, we may accept his description •of a and much some of our parish churches, having one-third of its breadth arches which were continued for the length o f the whole building, and are to be seen in what remains of it."' "The porter of the Green Court Gate," he continues, "had his Lodge on the south side of the gate, but was removed to the opposite side of it" 3 (Sotnner's note to the 6th Stall in the Distribution Document' informs removal Appendix,' Three of the vaults the breadth of the building are taken up Lodge, and three to them to the Almonry or Mint Yard." These passages, written contemporary' the body single aisle extended from one end of the Hall to the other. Hall has discovered, except that it was employed in the middle ages for the Steward's courts at B u t as close the entrance gate the monastic buildings and the church, declared my i t intended accommodate the was erected i n the twelfth century, when, as Hudson Turner 6 us,, Great Hall, ' G o s t l i n g , 156. 2 153. 3 pia., 4 Domestic Architecture, p. 2. 148 ·• THE CONVENTUAL :BUILDINGS OF THE • trived, and was given up to the Dean and Chapter in that year. It was between fifty and sixty feet long, and about forty broad, and was taken down with the vaults under it; and other chambers and offices, nnd the materials sold."1 As Gostling knew the building and witnessed its· demolition, we may accept his description. of it as " a very large and lofty room, much like some of our parish churches, having one-third of its breadth . parted by pillars and archtls of stone (like a side-aisle), ,which were continued for the length ·of the whole building, and are to be seen in what remains of it."2 "The porter of the Green Court Gate," he continues, "had his Lodge on the south side of the gate, but was 1·emoved to the opposite side of it"(Somner's note to the 6th Stall in the 'Distribution Document' informs us of this wmoval in 1550, 'Appendix,' No. 8). Three ·of the vaults the breadth of the building are taken up by this Lodge, and the three next to them by a way to the Almonry or Mint Yard." Th~se passages, written by a contemporary of the alteration, are valuable for the observation that the plan of a body with a single aisle was extended from one ·end of the Hall to the other. • The purpose of · this Hall. has never been exactly discovered, except that it was employed in the middle ages fo1· holding the Steward's courts at intervals of three weeks. But placed as it is close to the entrance gate and at .the most remote corner of the precinct from the ·monastic buildings and the church, I have already declared my opinion, in Chap. III. above, that it was intended to accommodate the lowest class of pilgrims or persons who craved hospitality. • It was erected in the twelfth centuxy, when, as l:}:uds9n Turn.er4 informs us,. "the .Gr~at :flall, generally l Gostlfog, p. 155.· 2 Ibid., p. 158. 8 Ibid., p. 154. . • • ~ Domestio Architecture, p. 2. MONASTERY OP CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 4 9 on the ground-floor, was sometimes over a lower story which was half in the ground, and was adapted in great mansions to accommodate the owner and his numerous followers and servants: They not took their in the hall, but also slept in it on the floor." Such being the manners of the early centuries, it appears that a plain Hall was enough to • supply all the requirements o f lodging and sleeping of the lower orders, at least, of the pilgrims. Lenoir ('Architecture Monastique,' t. ii. p. 397), describing the distributions of food and alms to the poor, relates that in the lesser monasteries they were made in an outer court or in a chamber appropriated to the purpose and termed the Almonry ; but that in the great abbeys a special house, called the "house of the pilgrims and paupers," was built close to the principal entrance of the monastery. Referring to the plan of S. Gall (vide Archl. Journal, vol. v.), he contrasts the sleeping-chambers of the Hospitium for travellers of the higher classes, each of which is furnished with several beds, with the unfurnished Dormitory of the poor pilgrims, in which he infers that they slept on the floor upon straw. 4. Brewhouse, Bakehouse, and Stables. The north boundary of the Green Court retains an oblong range o f building, with a high pitched roof, which has a gatehouse, projecting from its face near its east end. The passage under this gatehouse divides the building into two unequal parts. B u t the gatehouse furnishes an entrance to the stable yards and servants' offices behind, . which are concealed from ,view hy the range of buildings we are considering, which manifestly occupy the site of the buildings in the Norman drawing. • I n that we see • a long edifice divided by a wall- into two parts, and standing on the north side of the Court, at a distance of about seventy feet from the old precinct wall and one hundred feet from the city wall. MONA.STERY OF CHRIS~ CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 149 on the ground-floor, was sometimes over a lower story which was half in the ground, and was adapted in great mansions to accommodate the owner and his numerous followers and servants : They not only toolc thefr meals in the hall, but also slept in it on the floor." Such being the manners of the early centuries, it appears that a plain Hall was enough to· supply all the requirements of lodging and sleeping of the lower orders, at least, of the pilgrims. Lenoir(' Architecture Monastique,' t. ii. p. 3 97), describing the distributions of food and alms to the poor, relates that in the lesser monasteries they were made in an outer court or in a chamber appropriated to the purpose and termed the Almonry ; but that in the great abbeys a special house, called the" house of the pilgrims and paupers," was built close to the principal entrance of the monastery. Referring to the plan of S. Gall (vide .Archl. Journa,l, vol. v.), he contrasts the sleeping-chambers of the Hospitium for travellers of the higher classes, each of which is furnished with several beds, with the unfurnished Dormitory of the poor pilgrims, in which he infers that they slept on the floor upon straw. 4. Brewliouse, Bakehouse, and Stables. The. north boundary of the Green Court retains an oblong range of building, with a high pitched roof, which has a gatehouse, projecting from its face near its east end. 'fhe passage under this gatehouse divides the building into two unequal parts. But the gatehouse furnishes an entrance to the stable yards and servants' offices behind,. which are concealed from .view ~y the l'ange of buildings.we are considering, which manifestly occupy the site of the buildings• in- the Norman drawing. • In ·that we see· a long edifice ·divided by a wall· into . two parts, and standing on the north side of_ the Court, at a distance of about seventy feet from the old precinct wall and one hundred feet fro':ll the city wall. 150 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE western portion labelled BRACINUNI, Brewhouse; the eastern is the PISTRINUNI, or Bakehouse. interval, GRANARIUNI, The space between this Granary and the Bakehouse .filled Forrens Gate. The Brewhouse and Bakehouse Dissolution. assigned as "all and the Bakehouse, These the Granarium. entries the documents that belong to this :— 1 2 8 5 to 1290. Magna grangia a d fenum. New Buildings . G r e a t Barn for hay. and Repairs. 1 3 0 1 . Novum stabulum Thesaurarii cum solario et parvo granario. N e w Stable for the Treasurer, with upper chamber and small Granary. Novara granarium i n bracino. N e w Granary in the Brewhouse or Malt- • h o u s e . 1317. Pro novo bracino granar', Ca- • m i n o , &c. F o r the new Brewhouse c. In Chillenden.'s Repairs Curia," "Reparacio domus . . . sartrina . . . Novum grana-Nov-um stabulum Prioris . . . . Novum orrium pro feno Prioris." is to say,—repair Brewhouse, for Prior's The Pistrinum does appear building Gateway Domus 150 THE CONYENTUAL llUILDINGS OF THE The weste1n portion is labelled BRACINUM, or Brew..house; the eastern is the PISTRINUM, or Bakehouse. Next to these, with a small interval, is the GRAN.ARIUM, or Granary, ranging in front with the others. The space between this Granary and the Bakehouse is that which is now filled by the tower gateway, termed the Forrens Gate. The Bmwhouse and Bakehouse retained these functions at the time of the Dissolution. For this range was assigned to the Dean, and described as" all the Brewhouse and the Bakehouse, and all other houses unto the Dean's Stable, and the Gatehouse there next to his stables." These Stables were on the site of the Norman Granai·ium. The entries in the documents that belong to this region are as follows :- De Estria, New Buildings and .Repairs. 1285 to 1290. Magna grangia ad fenum. Great Barn for hay. 1801. Novum stabulum. Thesaurarii cum solaria et parvo granario. New Stable for the Treasurer, with upper chamber and small GTanary. 1308. Novum granarium in bracino. New Granary in the Brewhouse or Malt. house. 1817. Pro ndvo bracino cum gra,nar', et ca-mino, &c. For the new Brewhouse . and Granary, with chimney, &c. In Chillenden's list, under "Repairs in the Curia,'' are found- 1390 to 1411. "Reparacio domns bracini .... Nova sartrinit .. . . Novum. grana.rium . . . . Novum stabulum Prioris . . . . Novum orriurn pro feno Prioris." . That is to say,-1·epair of the Brewhouse, new Tailor's • Shop, new Granary, new Stable for the Prior, new Barn • fo1· the P110i·'s ·hay. The Pistrinu~ does not appear in these entries; but the whole building west of the -Gate~ way is included in the term " Domus bracini." MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 5 1 The arChitectural character of this range fully bears I t s Decorated whole, repairs. The east ancient " granarium”) The Bracinum retains the projecting porch, which is an admirable I subjoin a sketch (Fig. 32). Being in a decayed con- 11111 -----,41.1 ' b ! O l Oft qi-I II I M O i I I I i t i t • OM N W o f " . . \ ‘ ' onsork' V \A. IftliMirei V * s % — — I i t8A 1 1 \ AY F i g . 32.-POECH OP THE BEAOINUM. i t partly between gateway square Perpendicular windows are inserted, the one with two lights, the MONASTERY OF OBRIST ORUlWH IN CANTJmilURY. 151 The architectural character of this range fully bears out the above documentary quotations. Its style is Der corated on the whole, but has Perpendicular insertions and repairs. The east part (the ancient" granarium.") beyond the gateway has no architectural character. The Bracinum retains the projecting porch, which is an ad~ mirable dated specimen of De Estria's style, and of which I subjoin a sketch (Fig. 32). Being in a decayed con- ~ Fig. 32.-PORCll OP Tl:Ul DD.AOINVM. dition, it has been during the last year partly restored Four buttresses are in front of this portion, and ·betwee1:1 the last and the projecting ·gateway two square Perpen. dicular windows are inserted, the one with two ·light$, the other of a single light, foliated, but not of -the same width as the other. 152 T I M , CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE The Gatehouse termed " the Forrens Gate" has a wide section as those at the west end, and a small pointed postern arch at the side. I t s Gate Hall is not vaulted. Above is a chamber with an ordinary square small Perpendicular The space between the Brewhouse and Stable buildings and the city bears the Forrens. But this term is confined in Wilkes's plan to the tower ye forrins.' ALMONRY AND SOUTH SIDE OF CHURCHYARD. Almonry or Mint Yard have been demolished in the alterations, make room more complete and convenient edifices for the King's School. They had history architecture the I n my I outlines buildings, history The founded Henry the Eighth, and located in the buildings Yard, was afterwards transferred stood on its south side. I t s site is at 84 (Plate 3). Free School, for the city chiefly, and was on the righthand, from defined .Efearne's Robert probably tower Hasied which is on was boundary, to the jurisdiction of the Church 573, 575). 152 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE The Gatehouse te1·med" the Forrens Gate" has a wide four-centred arch, with continuous moldings of the same section as those at the west end, and a small pointed postern arch at the side. Its Gate Hall is not vaulted. Above is a chamber with an ordinary squarn small Perpendicular window of two lights. The space between the Brewhouse and Stable buildings and the city wall beru·s the name of the Forrens. But this term is confined in Wilkes's plan to the tow~r in the city wall behind these buildings, which he labels '1 /01'-J•ins. 1 .. CHAP. VIII. ALMON.RY AND SOUTH SIDE OF CHURCHYARD. The whole of the ancient buildings that occupied the Almonry or Mint Yard have been demolished in the late alterations, to make room for more complete and convenient edifices for the King's School. They had been so often altered that they presented no features in illustration either of the history of architectur~ or the monastic economy. In my plan I have retained the outlines of these buildings, and beg to refer for their history to the well-known authorities. The King's School, founded by Henry the Eighth, and located in the buildings on the east side of the Mint Y ai·d, wa.s afterwards transfel'red to the Chapel of the Almonry, which stood on its south side. Its site is at 84 (Plate 3 ). But the old schoolhouse before the Dissolution was a Free School, for the city chiefly, and was on the rig·hthand, just within the gate which divided the outer fro~ . . 1 The word is defined in the Glossaries to mean a necessary house (vide Hearne'e 'Robert of Glocester's Chronicle,' 1724, p. 650), which was probably true for the t.ower in question. But Hasted derives the term, ':hie~ is now applied to the whole stable-yard, from the fact that that region xs on the part of the site which anciently was outside the Convent boundo.t·y, and therefore "foreign" to' thejurisdicti~n·oftlie Ohw·oh (pp. 673,676), OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 5 3 the inner cemetery (at 98, Plate 3). There was a passage to i t from Street,' below.. After the removal of the school to the Mint Yard it was fitted up as a new plumbery, as Gostling informs us 135). The Plumbarium, or plumbers' workshop, is twice mentioned in the documents; first in De Estria's list works,—" old, plumbarium, with hood and chimney ;" and secondly, in. Chillenden's list (1390-1411),—" New sacristy in the cemitery, with a new plurabarium." I t s locality is indicated in the Distribution document, by which the ninth is to have " Coks lodging, with the Plum,ery the School's garden," the hill being the base o f the Campanile in the Norman drawing.' IX. 3), is the site of the ninth Prebendary's house. Lead is so employed about the great churches and convent roofs, window glazing, water pipes Plumbarium, The last building which remains to be mentioned is Christ Church the directly across "I t the advantage contemporary inscription, fixing its date at A.D. 1517, in the time of Prior Goldston II. I t is much loftier than the Norman gateways, having two stories of chambers above its hall, and the angles front. I t entered gateway 1 Vide other, up he a late clone pulled (Ian., p.6.) MONASTERY OF OB:RIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 153 the inner cemetery (at 98, Plate 3). There was a passage to it from Burgate Street,1 of which more below: After the removal of the school to the Mint Yard it was fitted up as a new plumbery, as Gostling informs us (p. 135 ). The Plu·mbariurn, or plumbers' workshop, is twice mentioned in the documents; :fhst in De Estria's list (1285-90) of works,-" New chamber in the 014 plumbarium, with hood and chimney;" and secondly, in Chillenden's list (1390-1411),-" New sacristy in the cemitery, with a new plumbarium." Its loqality is indicated in the Distribution document, by which the ninth prebendary is to have ." Mr. Coks lodging, with the Plumer!} and close and gardens impaled upon the hill, to the School's garden," the hill being the base of the Campanile in the Norman drawing.2 The Plumbarium was therefore at IX. (Fig. 3), which is the site of the ninth Prebendary's house. Lead is so plentifully employed about the great churches and offices of a convent for the roofs, window glazing, water channels, and pipes that a Plurnbariuni was a necessity, although very rarely mentioned in monastic records. The last building which 1·emains to be mentioned is Chl'ist Chlll'ch Gatehouse (94), the principal entrance to the Precinct from the city, leading directly across the churchyard, or "exterior cemitery," to the south porch of the nave. It is a noble specimen of the Perpendicular period, with the advantage of a contemporary inscription, · fixing its date at .A..D. 1517, in the time of Prior Goldston II. It is much loftier than the Norman gateways, having two sto1·ies of chambers above its halJ, and towers at the angles of its front. It is ente.red • by a wide gateway arch, flanked by a postern doorway. 1 Vide Somner, p. 105. • 2 This Campanile, in one shape or other, existed up to Leland's time, for ho tells us it is "now ajate elene pulled down." (Itin., vol. vi., f. 3, P· 6.) 154 • T H E CONVENTUAL nUILDINGS OF THE Its Gate Hall differs from the Norman gateways by square, I t with a ribbed O n west side, close to the postern, is a door which leads to a in is -with Somner shews that this gate replaced a more ancient one on the spot, i t stands opposite that But ancient of. Battely (p. 89), the charters called the cemetery, street 'Church, Corn to gate. The of Garlingl gateway, which was called Michael's Gate, leading St. Michael's Street ?) to St. Michael's in the south cross aisle of the church. T h e last Characteristic of the passage seems to identify it with which remains 97 my plan (Plate 3), This be the passage Somner us, SchOol. The oldest cemetery gate from the town, as shewn in the Norman drawing, stood in the line of the original near the spot marked 99 Plate 3 (which corresponds. porta •terii" in Plate 2), about one hundred and ' feet I t to find Somner information position. the now forgotten. inhabitants,—Alderman Nicholson, Alderman Garling, Edge, 154 . THE CONVENTUAL .BUILDINGS OF THE Its Gate Hall differs from the Norman gateways by its plan, which is a square, nineteen feet across. It is covered with • a: ribbed vault in two severies. On the west side, close to the postern, is a door which leads to a vice in the turret, and ia the same wall, near the north corner, lS a niche in the wall with a seat. Somner (p.105) sbews that this gate replaced a more ancient one on the same spot, because it stands opposite a dwelling-house which in 1257 is recorded to have stood opposite to the ·Church Gate of that period. But he mentions a more ancient gate, standing higher up, somewhat near Burgate, a good part of" which in his time was remaining, but built up into part of a dwelling-house. Battely alludes to this gate (p. 89), which in the old charters was called the old gate of the cemetei·y, and informs us that anciently there was a direct passage or street open from the east end of St. Andrew's ChuTCh, through the Coin Market and Butter Market, directly leading to this gate. The house of Alderman Garling1 was built in this old gateway, which was called· St. Michael's Gate, as leading from St. Michael's Street (Burgate 1) to St. Michael's Chapel in the south cross aisle of the church. The last characteristic of the passage seems to identify it with that which still remains at 97 in my plan (Plate 3), and points directly to this south transept. This appears to be the passage which, as Somner tells us, led to the old School. The· oldest cemetery gate from the town, as shewn in the Norman drawin·g, stood in• the line of the original Precinct, near the spet marked 99 in Plate 3 (which corresponds to the position of the Norman "porta cime- . tedi" in Plate 2), about one hundl'ed and· forty feet " . . , 1 It is amusing to :find Somn.er and Battely describing, for the informa• tion of posterity, the position of the gates, by referring them to the street . houses under thenowforgotten. names of the then inhabitants,-.A.ldorman . Nicholson,. ~de~n Gar+ing, Mr. Fjdge, etc. • 1110NASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 5 5 that an open the same manner as the Green Court Gate was, until the approached narrow between the Almonry Chapel and Palace wall. gateway and outer remained in the position (Plate 3) given to i t in the Norman drawing until the first half of the present century, the old Convent garden wall at 2. I t is simply a stone massive piers. I t has an opening feet wide, and a total depth of eight feet. I t s west and pair order of moldings. The passage through it is splayed, is to hang the gates. B u t i f they were really hung there they must straight-rising higher than impost of the arch, for the passage has a plain waggon The Norman drawing probability, this very gate, gives a pair of doors with ornamental hinges and fitting the arch-I f doors must outwards like those of a coach-house. Storer Portfolio,' iii.,1824) i t was moved the A t this period the gables had assumed the Jacobean form made up curved lines I t s that CHAP. I X . • ARCHBISHOP'S PALACE. my (Plate positions of the few fragments of the Archbishop's Pa- MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY, 155 north of the line of Burgate Street, and must have been approached from that street by an open lane, in the same manner as the Green Court Gate was, until the last alterations, approached by a narrow lane between the Alrnonry Chapel and Palace wall. The gateway between the inner and outer cemetery remained in the position (Plate 3) given to it in the Norman drawing until the first half of the present century, when it was taken down and rebuilt in the line of the old Convent garden wall at 2. It is simply a stone archway, with massive piers. It has an opening ten feet wide, an.d a total depth of eight feet. Its west and east faces have a pail- of slender shafts, bearing a single order of moldings. The passage through it is splayed, widening eastward, and there is a rebate to hang the gates. But if they we1·e really hung there they must have been straight-headed, not rising higher than the impost of the arch, for the passage has a plain waggon vault. The Norman dxawing representing, in all probability, this very gate, gives a pair of doors with ornan: iental hinges and .fitting the arch-head. If this be a true representation, these doors must have opened (?Ut- wards like those of a coach-house. The gateway is crowned with a pediment, or triangular gable. Storer (' Portfolio,' v. iii., 1824) gives a sketch of this archway before it was moved from its old position, viewed from the east. At this period the gables had assum~d the Jacobean form made up of curved lines and angles. Its Norman decoration is of the same kind • as that- of the Green Court Gate. ' OHAP. IX. · AR.CHBISHOI?'S PA.LACE. · In my general plan (Plate 3) I have inserted the positions of the few fragments of the A:rchbishop's Pa1 5 6 L W ! , CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE lace that remain. I t will be seen that a great hall side courtyard, and I t Early which justify the tradition that the original Palace was Langton. N e x t gateway to this courtyard, and of a larger building 88), the purpose unknown. The distribution of the space on the south of the Hall is not The south buildings (90, 91) containing some of the apartments that constituted the habitable part Palace. They are as architectural Palace itself burnt accidentally, with its appended buildings, and left in ruin until Archbishop See, 1559. He Hall and Palace, but when the Puritans came into power the whole was pulled down or converted into tenements, which have been ever since leased out io tenants. The whole site now belongs to the Dean and Chapter. The site of the Celerer's Hall (70, 71, 64, 63) garden, and form part of the boundary. T h e site o f the Lodgings (57, 58, is as storeplace writing i n 1769 (Antiq., vol.. ill. p. 4), says right-angled parallelogram, north and south sides measuring eighty-three feet, its east and I t some the bounding walls, being demolished; side still standing, two same, probably designed beaufets or side- 156 THE CONVENTUAL ~UILDINGS OF THE lace that remain. It will be seen that a great hall occupied the south side of a large courtyard, and was entered, as usual, by a projecting porch (89), which still remains. It has moldings of the B!:1,rly English period, which justify the tradition that the original Palace was partly built by Archbishop Hubert or Langton. Next to the street is or was ( at 87) the remains of an entrance gateway to this courtyard, and of a larger building ( at 88), of which the purpose is unknown. The dis• tribution of the space on the south of the Hall is not altogether unknown. The Hall extended nearly to the Convent wall eastward, and on the south are buildings (90, 91) containing some of the apartments that constituted the habitable part of the Palace. They are of late style, and of little or no value, either as architectural or for historical studies. The Palace itself was burnt accidentally, with its appended buildings, and left in ruin until Archbishop Parker came to the See, in ~559. He rebuilt the Great Hall and Palace, but when the Puritans came into power the whole was pulled down or converted into tenements, which have been ever since leased out to tenants. The whole site now belongs to the Dean and Chapter. The site of the Celerer's Hall (70, 71, 64, 63) lies within a garden, of which its eastern and southern walls form part of the boundary. The site of the Celerer's Lodgings (57, 58, 61, 62) is used as a storeplace for old materials. • Grose, Wl'iting in 1769 (.A.ntiq., vol.. iii. p. 4), says "The hall was a 1·ight-angled parallelog1·am, its no1-th and south sides measuring eighty-three feet, its east and west sixty-eight feet. It is new a garden, the roof, and even some of the bounding walls, ~eing demolished; that on the east side is stir! standing, wherein are two • Gothic canopies of Sussex marble, supported by pillars of the satne, prob~bly designed for beaufets or sideMONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 5 7 boards, the tops of which, growing ruinous, have been' in part taken down. Along this side runs a terrace on fragments one upon the other, like billets on a woodstack. . . The traces of the original north wall are still visible." Gostling, a contemporary of Grose, states (p. 129) on the outer side of east wall the hall just described were the remains of a cloister of five arches, eleven feet wide. According to the same authority, communication between the Palace and the Churchyard was cut off by a high embattled wall, extending to the Arundel Steeple (N), until a door was broken through in the seventeenth century. H e also mentions a lofty house opposite the west door of the cloister, connected by a noble gallery with the Great Hall. This house, built or repaired by Archbishop Parker, retained traces of a sheltered way to the west door of the cloister, by palace church, without being incommoded by bad weather The possibly alluded above document from Reg. 12 in the Archives, which is a repairs necessary for the Palace the century. I t enumeration of the various apartments therein, and the documents framed. I t drawn -up t o determine the amount o f dilapidations when Archbishop Islip succeeded Ufford i n 1349, whose administrators were sentenced t o pay the sum o f £1101 5s. 2d., as Battely relates (p. The apartments enumerated are the Great Hall, the Chapel, the small chamber of the Lord Archbishop, the Great M0N.A.STERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 157 boards, the tops of which, growing ruinous, have been· in pa1t taken down. .Along this side Tuns a terrace raised on fragments of marble pillars, piled one upon the other, like billets on a woodstack. . . . The traces of the original north wall a1·e still visible." . Gostling, a contemporary of Grose, states (p. 129) that on the outer side of the east wall of the hall just described were the remains of a cloister of five arches, eleven feet wide. According to the same authority, communication between the Palace and the Churchyard was cut off by a high embattled wall, extending to the Amndel Steeple (N), until a dool' was broken through in the seventeenth century. He also mentions a lofty ·house opposite the west door of the cloister, connected by a noble gallery with the Great Hall. This house, built or repafred by Archbishop Parker, retained traces of a sheltered way to the west door of the cloister, by which the Archbishop might go from his palace to the church, without being incommoded by bad weather (Gostling, p. 131). The house and appendages (90, 91) are possibly parts of those alluded to in the above description. • In the Appendix (No. 7) I have given an unpublished ·aocument from Reg. 12 in the Archives, which is a report of the repairs necessary for the Palace in the middle of the fourteenth century. It contains an enumeration of the various apartments therein, and the repairs they needed, which serves to elucidate the mode in which such documents were framed. It was drawn up to determine the amount of dilapidations when Archbishop Islip succeeded Ufford in 1349; whose administrators were sentenced to pay the sum of £1101 5s. 2d., as Battely i-elates (p. 72). The apart• ments enumerated are the Great Hall, the Chapel, the small chamber of the Lord Archbishop, the Great ·Chamber, the kitchen for that chamber, the great house 1 5 8 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE called the Hall of St. Thomas next the Lord's Chamber, the chamber next the Great Hall, two other chambers between the Great Hall and Great Chamber, the Great Kitchen, the Great Gate, with Stables. Views of the ruins of portions of the Palace are given in several works on Canterbury,—e.g., Grose, Antiq. vol. iii. p. 4; Storer, pl. 8; and Woolnoth. CHAPTER X . WATERWORKS. The details of the system of water distribution given in the Norman drawings have not been examined by any writer, as far as I know. They have always appeared to me to offer a most valuable record of the state of hydraulic practice in the twelfth century, and a monument of the care with which the monks studied practical science, and applied their knowledge for the benefit of their own health and comfort and of mankind in general. I shall now therefore endeavour to trace the entire system as well as my knowledge of the site and buildings will enable me to do it. In describing the receptacles of the water in the system, it will be convenient to employ the word "tank" as a general term for a fixed vessel into which water is supplied by a feed-pipe, the opening of which is sufficiently above the highest level at which the water is required to stand, which water is kept from overflowing by a waste-pipe, the opening of which coincides with that level. The water is drawn from the tank for use from one or more apertures at or near the bottom of it. Laver is the English term for the Lavatorium of the monks, and I confine i t to express the large tank of ornamental form, from which the water either spouts continually at certain points of its circumference or is drawn off by means o f several metallic cocks. T h e 158 THE CONVENTUA.L BUILDINGS OF THE called the Hall of St. Thomas next the Lord's Chamber, the chamber next the Great Hall, two other chambers between the Great Hall and Great Chamber, the Great Kitchen, the G.reat Gate, with Stables. Views of the ruins of portions of the Palace are given in several works on Canterbury,-e. g .• Grose, Antiq. vol. iii. p. 4; Storer, pl. 8 ; and 11V oolnoth. CHAPTER X. WATERWORKS. The details of the system of water distribution given in the Norman dJ:awings have not been examined by any writer, as far as I know. They have always appeared to me to offer a most valuable record of the stare of hydraulic practice in the twelfth century, and a monument of the care with which the monks studied practical science, and applied their knowledge for the benefit of then: own health and comfort and of mankind in general. I shall now therefore endeavour to trace the entil'e system as well as my knowledge of the site and buildings will enable l:Ile to do it. In describing the receptacles of the water in the system, it will be convenient to employ the wo1·d "tarzlc" as a general term for a fixed vessel into which water is supplied by a Jeea-pipe, the opening of which is sufficiently above the highest level at which the water is required to stand, which water is kept from overflowing by a waste-pipe, the opening of which coincides with that level. The water is drawn from the tank for use from one or mote apertures at or near the bottom of it. Laver is the English term for the Lavatorium of the monks, and I confine it to express the large tank of ornamental form, from which the water either spouts continually at certain points of its circumference or is drawn. off by means of sevel'al metallic cocks. The MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 5 9 Lavatorium used in the applied Chillenden's tank the middle of the south side of the Infirmary cloister, I n Norman the fons is applied to the circular another circular belonging the Prior. A second circular tank for the Prior is cupa, and the great fish-a "tank," have given, is termed cloister garths of the churches were furnished with wells, which at first were placed i n the centre of them, but in later ages against the front of middle ablutions, and covered roof or vault, sustained on Lenoir gives plans Batalha and Montreal and elsewhere 311 et seq.), and. Leduc (art. p. the Infirmary cloister and outer cemetery are therefore the original provisions for water before the hydraulic sys tern constructed, inscription on former retained reserve, serve happened fail require repair. The in the cemetery was,the use inhabitants city, stone cistern or tank shewn the side both the Norman drawings, the course of the its source same manner, so as to shew the two same artist. I n MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 159 word Lavatoriu1n is not used in: the Norman drawing, but is applied in Chillenden's list to the great tank. in the middle of the south side of the Infirmary cloister, miscalled the Baptistery. In the Norman drawing the word Jons is applied to the circular tank in the outer churchyard, and to another circular tank belonging to the Prior. A second circular tank for the Prior is termed cupa, a tub; ancl the great fish-pond, which is also a" tank," according to the definition I have given, is termed piscina. The cloister garths of the early churches were furnished with wells, which at first were placed in the centre of them, but in later ages against the front of the cloister alleys, either in the middle or at one of the corners, for the greater convenience of the monks' ablutions, and covered with a roof or vault, sustained on open arches. Lenoir gives plans and drawings of such arrangements at Batalha and Montreal and elsewhere (p. 311 et seq.), and. Leduc (art. 'Lavabo,' p. 171) the plans of two which project from the centre of the alley, namely, at Thoronet and Fontenay. The wells shewn in the Norman drawing in the Infirmary cloister and outer cemetery are therefore the original provisions for water before the hydraulic sys.:. tem was consti·ucted, and, as the inscription on the former shews, were retained in reserve, to serve when the new sources happened to fail or their machinery to re~ quire repafr. The well in the cemetery was. probably meant for the use of the inhabitants of the city, and the stone cistern or tank shewn by the side of it in the drawing, which is supplied by the hydraulic system, was constructed for the same purpose. In both the Norman drawings, the course of the water from its source to the city wall is represented in ,exactly the same manner, so as to shew that the two are the work of the same artist. In my engraving of 160 T H E CONVENTUAL EITILDINGS OF THE smaller 33), have reference, and applied the same respectively position of the tanks in the Plan, Plate 2. The source indicated by a circle which is a circular conduit-house (B), into which the water is conducted. I t leaves i t a is covered by I n to the city wall, it passes, in succession, through five reservoirs, settling-they now termed. Each these (lettered is oblong, placed transversely to the general course of the pipes. Each length of pipe leaves its reservoir at the east end of the side, and enters the next at the west end of its side. The employment of such tanks is in accordance with the practice of the ancients, as recorded by Vitruvius (1. viii. c. 6), who informs us that, in constructing cisterns to receive rain or other water, their method was water was to pass, so that the sediment might remain in series, the become it The from the conduit to C and D is inscribed campus, and a representation growing corn. From passes vineyard the conventional representation of vines; and from E to F is an Pornerium) growing trees. The last settling- A n bridge water, was conducted to the monastery distributed different places by tanks or cisterns there fixed, else places pipes 'main- .pipes underground, from the upper ends of which i t issued. 160 THE C0NVENTU.il BUILDINGS OF THE the smalle1· drawing (Fig. 33), I have introduced letters of reference, and applied the same respectively to the position of the tanks in the Plan, Plate 2. The source is indicated by a circle (A), near which is a circular conduit-house (B), into which the water is conducted. It leaves it by a pipe, which is covered by a circular pierced plate, to exclude gross impurities. In its passage to the city wall, it passes, in succession,. through five reservoirs, or settling-tanks, as they are now termed. Each of these (lettered from C to G) is oblong, and placed transversely to the general course of the pipes. Each length of pipe leaves its reservoil' at the east end of the side, and enters the next at the west end of its side. 'Ihe employment of such tanks is in accordance with the practice of the ancienra, as recorded by Vitruvius (l. viii c. 6), who informs us that, in constructing cisterns to receive rain or other water, their method was to make several, one after the other, through which the water was to pass, so that the sediment might remain in those at the beginning of the series, and the water become clear by the time it arrived at the last. The course from the conduit to C and D is inscribed campus, and has a representation of growing corn. From D to E it passes through a vineyard (vinea), with the ·conventional representation of vines; and from· E to Fis an orchard (Pomeriu1n) with growing trees. The last settling- tank (G) is placed against one of the towers of the city wall. An edifice resembling a b1idge is built over the city moat, probably to protect the pipe from injury. The water, which was conducted to the monastery .from its source as described, was disti·ibuted to the different places that required it, either by filling certain tanks or ciste1ns there fixed, or else by providing at those places short vertical pipes soldered to the "mainpipes underground, from the upper ends of which it ·issued. • Opposite M. F i g . 3 3 . - - I t E D I M E D FACSIMILE O F T H E S M A L L NORMAN D R AW I N G O F T H E WATERWORKS. ( S c a l e , o n e - h a l f o f t h e o r i g i n a l . ) ,' • ! !~ ~ A. 1 \ l \ ~ i ! : f ,i i I I I I i I I I I I I I l ) . I I I I ,I B. ~ --- ~ \ -------------------------~⇒ - i l. 1 ! ~l11lb1 !, 4',;,,,_,(f L. ' ·~· c--=""'=~~.-~"""ijl lj, .Y...:...·---\ __ ) ♦# ♦• Opposite page 161. Fig. 33.-11.lIDUCBD FACSntlLE OF THE SMALL NOlillAN DRAWu"IG OF THE WATERWORKS- (Seale, one-half of the original.) MONASTERY O F CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 6 1 But it will observed in drawings, that at every such place where the water is to be drawn off for use, first sight resembles pin with a round head stuck into that part. F o r example, end of each pipe terminates a circle than the diameter of the appears to be intended to represent the end of the pipe horizontally; the p i n projects radially outwards from the centre of this circle. I t must indicate. contrivance opening and pipe at B u t stopcock was a well-known device even to the Romans, being mentioned and described by Vitruvius, who wrote beginning Christian era, name epistomium,' we may infer that this pin-like contrivance is a rude symbol of a metallic cock, like those now in. I n Lavatories these symbols may represent small metal spouts radiating from the ornamental tank or basins, and delivering small continuous streams. system are considering, the having precinct conveyed i n succession through a series tanks fixed at a distance from each other, and each at a lower than preceding, different monastery. T h e whole o f the water is poured into the first tank by the main-pipe from the springs, from, i t i t a sufficient supply. This first waste-pipe descending to the ground is carried below surface the second rises, upper end same level as second waste-parallel t o the feedpipe, shorter, rises iUi the next tank of the series to act as its feed-pipe, and. Vitruvius, 1. ix. c. 10, anal. x. c. 13. VOL. ATM MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH 1N CANTERl3tm.Y. lul .But it w1l1 be obse1-ved in the drawings, that at every such place where the water is to be drawn off for use, there is an appendage which at first sight resembles a pin with a round head stuck into that part. For ex.: ample, the end of each vertical pipe terminates in a cixcle larger than the diameter of the pipe, which ap-: pears to be intended to represent the end of the pipe turned horizontally; the pin projects radially outwards from the centre of this circle. It must indicate. some contrivance for opening and closing the pipe at pleasure, like a plug, spigot, or cock. But as the stopcock. was a well-known device even to the Romans, being mentioned and described by Vitruvius, who wrote at the beginning of the Christian era, by the name of epistdmium,1 we may infer that this pin-like contrivance is a rude symbol of a metallic cock, like those now in. use. In the Lavato1ies these symbols may i-epresent small metal spouts rndiating from the ornamental tank or basins, and delivering small continuous streams. In the system we are considering, the water having entered the pl'ecinct of the Convent, as above described, is conveyed in succession through a series of tanks fixed at a distance from each other, and each at a lower level than the preceding, in different parts of the mo., nastery. The whole of the water is poured into the first tank by the main-pipe from the sp1·ings, from: which tank it issues through a waste-pipe, leaving in it a sufficient supply. This first waste-pipe descending to the ground is carried below the sutface to the second tank, into which it l'ises, acting as the feed-pipe to that tank, and having its upper end at the same level as its other branch. Similarly, a second waste-pipe, parallel to the. fee~pipe, but shorte1·, descends to the ground, and _nses 1-!l the next tank of the series to act as its feed-pipe, and 1 Vitruvius, 1. ix. c. 10, aDd I. :s:. c. 18. VOL. VII. M 162 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE The pours into the sewers of the Convent. by a horizontal pipe buried underground, with an upright branch at each end, one of which is its own wastepipe, and the other end the feed-pipe of the next tank. In the drawing, each upright branch terminates with head, pipe, may indicate a funnel-shaped termination, or a bend downwards or horizontal, to facilitate the exit and entrance of the water.' I t follows also that each tank of the series has a pair of these upright branches, rising close together, of which one is its own feed-pipe, and the other its own Waste-pipe. In the small drawing (Fig. 33) these pipes are clearly shewn. The first pair is at H, the supply-pipe being the highest; the waste-pipe descends, and its horizontal branch is bent vertically at I, rising to about the same height as the branch at the other end; the succeeding vertical branches of the series grow shorter and shorter in succession, so as to shew that the draughtsman understood the principle, although he was not drawing to scale. The same general diminution in height of these vertical branches is observed in the large drawing. We may now trace the course of the water in detail through the whole establishment. The water from the conduit-house, after passing through the five settling-tanks, enters the precincts southward by a main-pipe, which is carried underground, through the Prior's gateway (43) and under the Infirmary kitchen (9), to the great primary Laver (H) in the In firmary cloister, at which the monks performed ablu- , ' In two places of the small drawing, at S and T, a feed-pipe is seen sideways, which has its delivering-end bent at right angles into a hori, Yontal direction. I n the large drawing the first of these pipes is shown with the circular bead, and the second bent downwards. 162 . THE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE so on. • The last tank of the series polus its waste water into the sewers of the Convent. . Thus each tank in the series is connected to the next by a horizontal pipe buried underground, with an upright branch at each end, one of which is its own wastepipe, and the other end the feed-pipe of the next tank. In the drawing, each upright branch terminates with a circular head, larger than the pipe, which may indi-· eate a funnel-shaped termination, or a bend downwards or horizontal, to facilitate the exit and entrance of the water.1 It follows also that each tank of the series has a pair of these upright branches, rising close together, of which one is its own feed-pipe, and the other its own \.vaste-pipe. In the small drawing (Fig. 33) these pipes are clearly shewn. The first pair is at H, the supply-pipe being the highest; the waste-pipe descends, and its horizontal branch is bent vertically at I, rising to about the same height as the branch at the other end; the succeeding yertic.al branches of the series grow shorter and shorter in succession, so as to shew that the draughtsman understood the principle, although he was not drawing. to· scale. The same general diminution in height of these verticaL branches is observed in the large drawing. We may now trace the course of the·water in detail through the whole establishment. . The water from the ·conduit-house,· after passing through the five settling-tanks, enters thepi·ecincts southward by a main-pipe, which is carried underground, through the Prior's gateway { 43) and under the Inffrmary kitchen (9), to the great primary Laver (H) in the In~ firmary cloister, at which the monks .performed ablu- , •1 In two places of the smnll dra.wit:ig, at S and T, a feed-pipe is seen 1;1ideways, which has its delivering-end ·bent at right angles into a hori~ iiontal ·direction. In the large drawing the first of these pipes is shewn with the circular head, and the. second bent downw111·ds; MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 6 8 passage chair: this Laver a second pipe (II I) conveys i t westward to the Laver (I) in front of the Refectory. The tank which there receives i t is elevated on a central pillar, evidently to give the water which passes i t to the other receptacles' a sufficient head. central shevvn Fig. 33. : From pipe the third: Laver in front of the Infirmary. B u t this pipe, in passage eastward underground, throws branch 9u 13) northward, after leaving the Laver (I), and another branch (n L) southward (under the Layer (FI). The course main-we have the (K). From K, a pipe ( I ( proceeds under the south aisle of Infirmary cemetery great fish-`(piscina) M. The carried a pipe (M N) to the Prior's tank (fons) (N), whence pipe supplies the Prior's watertub (0). Lastly, Necessarium infirmorum (8), in-: scription little its issue from i t great from after pass. ing Necessarium, underground Green finally its into the town ditch at , Returning to the two. lateral branches, We the direct Of 'main-n, passing sbuthward under and:,reappearing in at w h e r e the cistern L), Ions. vimeterio _Laicorun4 au:2 - MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN C.A:NTERBURY. 16$ tions in their passage from the Dormitory to the choir~ From this Laver a second pipe (HI) conveys it west ·ward to the Laver (I) in front of the Refectory. The small tank which there receives it is elevated on a central pillar, evidently to give the water which passes from it to the other receptacles· a sufficient head. This central pillar is not shewn in the small drawing, Fig. 33. From this tank, a pipe (I K) delivers it to the third: Laver (K), in front of the Infirmary. But this pipe, in its passage eastward underground,· thro,vs off a branch (m P) northward, immediately after leaving the Laver (I), and another branch (n L) southward (under the church) before it passes the first Laver (H). The coUI·se of these branches will be described after completing the · description of the main-pipes, which "\-ve hnve followed to the Laver (K). From K, a pipe (k M) • proceeds eastward under the south aisle of the Infirmary Hall, and across the interior cemetery to the great fish-pond '(pisoina) at 1\1.. The waste water of the Piscina is car• ried by a pipe (MN) to the Prior1s tank (/ons) (N), from whence a pipe. (N 0) supplies the Prior's water• thb (cupa) (0). Lastly, the waste water of the latter is carried under the Necessari:um lnfirmo1"Um (8), as the inscription on the drawing informs us. • A little beyond its issue from that building it joins at w the g-reat drain described below, which collects the rain water ffom the conventual buildings, and afte1· passing under the great N ecessarium, proceeds unde1·grounci across the Green Court, and :finally empties its contents into the town ditch at z. • ~ Returning. to ' the two lateral brfUlChes, -ive' find the second, which left the direct course of the ·main~pipes at n, paii"sing southward und.et the church, and· reappearing in the outer cemetery or churchyard at ·L,:where it supplies the cistern (L ), or font$. in cimeterio Laie,otum; ; ' • • .ll{. 2 ; . . 1 6 4 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE which appears to have been placed there for the convenience of the town. Frona this cistern the water was not drawn by stopcocks, for nothing of the kind is shewn in the Sketch. But a stone pedestal is fixed on the west side of the margin to enable the water to be taken out by dipping the pail into it; thus avoiding the chance of careless or mischievous people leaving the cock running. B y the side of this cistern is the ancient well which i t was intended to supersede. This is provided with the simple old device of a lever handle, supported in the middle in. the fork of a high pole, and having a bucket at one end hanging by a chain, and a balancing stone tied to the other. The cistern we are considering empties its waste water by a pipe (L IV1') into the great Piscina, the drainage of which has been already explained. Returning to the branch which quits the main-pipes at m, close to the Lavatory of the Refectory, we find its course led through all the domestic offices of the monastery, supplying them with water by means o f stand-pipes closed by stop-cocks, which are not given to the primary pipes already surveyed. The branch leaving mi is carried across the north alley of the cloister (a), through the vestibule of the Refectory (b), thence along the scullery (e) or passage to the kitchen (d), through the latter and across the larder (e) and Green Court to the bakehouse (f) and brewhouse (g, Ii), whence, turning westward in its course, it proceeds across the great sewer (le) to the Lavatory (P), under the Norman porch of the north hall. T h e drainage of the latter necessarily conveys the remaining waste o f the branch we have traced into the great sewer and town ditch. The letters a to lc in the above description in brackets indicate the points where the stand-pipes are placed to supply the offices along the course of the branch-pipe we are describing. 164 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE which appears to have been placed there for the convenience of ihe town. • Fi·om this cistern the water was not drawn by stopcocks, for nothing· of the kind is shewn in the Sketch. :But a stone pedestal is fixed on the west side of the margin to enable the wate1· to be taken out by dipping the pail into it; thus avoiding the chance of careless or mischievous people leaving the cock running. By the side of this cistern is the ancient well which it was intended to supersede. This is provided with the simple old device of a lever handle, supported in the middle in the fork of a high pole, and having a bucket at one end hanging by a chain, and a balancing stone tied to the other. The cistern we are considering empties its waste water by a pipe (L M') into the great Piscina, the drainage of which has beeu already explained. Returning to the branch which quits the main-pipes at rn, close to the Lavatory of the Refectory, we :find its course led through all the domestic offices of the monastery, supplying them with water by means of stand-pipes closed by stop-cocks, which are not given to the primary pipes ah-eady surveyed. • The branch leaving m is carried across the north alley of the cloister (a), through the vestibule of the Refectory (b), thence along the scullery (c) or passage to the kitchen ( d), through the latter and across the larder ( e) and Green Court to the bakehouse (/) and brew house (g, h ), whence, turning westward in its course, it proceeds across the great sewer (k) to the Lavatory (P), under the Nor,.:nan po_rch of the north hall. The cb:ainage of the latter necessarily conveys the 1·emaining waste of the branch we have traced into the great sewer and town ditch. . The letters a to le in the above description in brackets indicate the points where the stand-pipes are placed to ~upply the offices along th~ course of the branch-pipe: we a1·e describing. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 6 5 biewhouse building, the pipe in question throws off a branch at qt, which proceeds directly to the Bath House (Balneatorium,), and under it to the Prior's water ( c a ) into which i t pours its waste by terminating in a vertical stand-pipe, the open end of which is bent horizontally the tub. A standpipe 1) branch-following from to another, i t will be observed that at the angle of every where i t is turned branch springs from the terminates with a stopcock close to the nearest draingutter. These are Purgatorium, are plainly intended to l e t off the water from the order to clean i t sediment flushing, or purging it as the name implies. These purge-•also supply-settlingtanks. In the Rites of Durham' (p. 70) we are informed that— " W i t h i n against a Layer Combditt Monncks .ther hands and faces at, being maid in forme round, covered with lead, and all of marble, saving the verie uttermost walls; the walls you may about the Laver of marble, having many litle cunditts or spouts of brasse, with xxiiij cockes about y t . " The conduit thus described stood in the centre of the garth, payment,construction in the Cathedral records shew that i t was built in l i t lead, and was still at sixteenth. Tide Dunelin. Script ores Tres, published Surtees Society, 1839, occexliii. (Raines's Durham,' M:ON.ASTERY OF CHRIST CHUROH IN C.ANTERBURY. il.6.5' But in its passage from the kitchen to the b1:ewhouse building, the pipe in question throws off. a branch at n, which proceeds directly to the Bath House (Balneato1' iurn), and under it to the Prio1·'s water tub (cuj>a) (0) into which it pours its waste by terminating in a· vertical stand-pipe, the open end of which is bent hoi·i• zontally and a little downward over the tub. A standpipe (l) with a stopcock is fixed on this branch-pipe in the interior of the .Bath House. In following the course of the water from one tank to another, it will be observed· that at the angle of eve1·y pipe whe1·e it is turned vertically to feed a tank, a short, horizontal branch springs from the angle, and te1·minates ·with a stopcock close to the nearest chaingutter. 'These branches are labelled Pur,qatorium, and are plainly intended to let off the water from the pipe, in orde:r to clean it from sediment by flushing, or purging it as the name implies. These purge-pipes ·are also fixed at the supply-end of each of the settlingtanks. In the 'Rites of Durham' (p. 70) we are informed that- • "Within the Cloyster garth, over against the Frater House dour, was a fair Laver or Oorvnditt for the Monncks to washe ·the1• hands and faces at, being maid in forme round, covered with lead, and all of marble, saving the verie uttermost walls; within the which ,valls you may walke round about the L(Jll)G'I' of marble, having many litle cunditts or spouts of brasse, with :xxiiij cockes of brass, rownd abo11t yt."1 The conduit thus described stood in the centre of the cloister-gal'th, and the bills of payment.for its construction in the Cathedral records shew that it was built in 1432.2 1 It had in it seven windows; and in the top of it a dovecot, covered with lend, u.nd wne sLill standing nt the end of the sixteenth century. . 2 Vido Hist. Dunelm. Soripfo1·cs Tres, published by Surtees Society, 1889, p. cccoxliii. . (Raines's 'Durho.m,' 12mo, p. 89.) 166 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF This as -exactly Lavers The mo,- nasteries, described and figured by Lenoir and Leduc, re., semble those of our Norman drawing, but are destitute of any apparent provision for stopping the supply. They run continually, like the modern drinking-fountains and public conduits. I n the sketch of a cloister fountain at Montreale Lenoir, a basin of the same form as those employed at Canterbury, namely, circular, with a margin indented into the roseate plan, is supplied with a constant stream, which spouts from several holes in the capital of a high central pillar. The water thus sup-- plied to the basin runs over in small streams between the roses, where the margin is indented for the purpose, and flows down into a plain opening in the pavement below, in the middle of which the central pillar has its foundation. A monastic lavabo at Fontenay, given by Leduc, is on the same principle of constant supply, filling a circular tank on the level of a man's waist, which :also delivers small streanas at equidistant points of its circumference which fall into a tank on the pavement.; The Laver, or Lavatorium, of a monastery is for the purpose of furnishing the monks with the means o f washing their hands or performing other ablutions before meals, and is defined by Leduc to be "a cistern of 'stone or marble pouring forth streams of water from a number of small orifices pierced in its side, which fall into a lower basin on the floor." The monks standing around it, in their passage to the Refectory, can thus wash each at his own stream, without mutual pollution of the water, which is carried away by a drain-pipe from the lower basin. In the later examples, the cloister lavatory was made in the form of a long trough, like a horse-trough, with Water supplied, at one end and running out at the 166 . '.('H,E ·CONVENTUAr., ;BUILDINGS OF THE • Tliis description, as far as it goes, corresponds · exactly to the Lavers:of the Norman drawing. • The fountains of the middle ages in towns and mo1- 11asteries, described and figured by Lenoir and Leduc, re:- semhle those of om Norman drawing, but are destitute of any apparent provision for stopping the supply. They run continually, like-the modern drinking-fountains and publ~c . conduits. In the sketch of a cloister fountain at Montreale by Lenoir, a basin of the same form as those employed.·at Canterbury, namely, circular, with a margin indented into the roseate plan, is supplied with a con:stant stream, which spouts from several boles in the .capital of a high central· pillar. 'l'he water thus sup:• plied to the basin runs over in small streams between the roses, where the margin is indented for the purpose, and flows down into a plain opening in the pavement below, in the middle of which the central pilla1· has its foundation. · A monastic Lavabo at Fontenay, given by Leduc, is on the same principle of constant supply, filLw ing a circular tank on the le.vel of a man's waist, which :also delivers small iitl·earb.s at equidistant points of its circumference which fall into a tank on the pavement. : The Laver, or Lavatoriwn, of a monastery is for the pU11)0Se of furnishing the monks with the means of washing their hands or performing other ablutions before meals, and is defined by Leduc to be " a cistern of • stone or marble pouring forth streams of watei- from a number of small orifices pierced in its side, which fall into a lower basin on the floor." The monks standing a1·ound it, in .thefr passage to the Refectory, can thus wash each at his own stream, without mutual pollution of the water, which is carried away by a drain-pipe from the lower basin. · In the later examples, the cloister lavatory was made in the form of ;:t long trough, Hke a horse-trough, with 'watei· sup.plied. ·at one end and running ·out at the MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 6 . 7 other. Probably,- a long horizontal pipe" was fixed at with openings, which jets ablutions or other uses. Such lavatories were either placed in _enclosures projecting from the front o f the cloisterarcades into the cloister-garth, as at Canterbury and arches sunk back-the alley near the Refectory door, as at Norwich, Peterborough, The Norman drawing of the Laver in front of the resembles those represented Lenoir and more closely pOssibly because it was the only one intended expressly fbr washing before meals. I t has a circular octafoil basin near the ground; in the centre of this is a high ornamental carries The angular projections. The supply-pipe and waste-pipe up through the pillar into the small basin. I n this fountain the angular projections must have been the like those that proceed from the capital of the pillar at and the curved metallic spouts that turning their mouths downwards. the provided the pin-appendage in. foil supposed represent when the stream water required ablutions A s is delivering an uninterrupted flow, the lower must have been provided with a waste-the drawing, to -off the superfluous the upper basin; or rather from MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY, .16.7 other. Probably; a long horizontal pipe· was fixed at the back of the trough, furnished with.a series of openings, through whi.ch jets of water issued for ablutions or other uses. Such lavatories were either placed in .enclosures projecting from the front of the cloisterarcades into the cloister-garth, as at Cante1·bury and Gloucester, or within arches snnk in the back-wall of the alley nea1· the .Refectory door, as at Norwich, Peter• borough, Westminster, and Worcester. The Norman drawing of the Laver in front of the Refectory resembles those represented by Lenoir and Leduc much more closely than the others, possibly because it was the only one intended expressly fo1· washing before meals. It has a cii-cular octafoil basin near the ground; in the centre of this is a high ornamental pillar which cro:ries a smaller basin. The margin of the latter is indented, with four semicircles alternating with angular proj ections. The supply-pipe and waste-pipe pass up thrnugh the pillar into the small basin. In this fountain the angular projections· must have been spouts supplying continual streams into t.he lower basin, .like those that proceed from the capital of the pillar at Montreale, and from the curved metallic spouts that rise through the water of the upper basin at Fontenay, turning their mouths downwards. But the.lower octafoil basin of our Norman Lavatory is provided with the piu~like appendage in each foil which I have supposed to 1·epresent a metal cock, to be opened when the stream of water was required by a monk for his abh1tions or for other uses. .A.s the upper .basin is delivering an uninter_rupted_ :flow, the lower basin must have been provided . with a waste-pipe, omitted in the drawing, to ·carry off the superfluous water which fell continually from the upper basin ; or rnther with a circular tank on the pavement, to receive this water, and also that which dropped from. the cocks 168 T H E 'CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE when opened for ablutions or otherwise, this tank being provided with a drain to convey the waste t o the Cloister-gutter, not shewn in the drawing. But the drawing contains a gutter or sewer in the neighbourhood of each tank, which would serve the purpose, although connection All the Lavers must have served to supply portable water vessels, as pails and pitchers, which were filled Between the well of the Infirmary cloister and the the Infirmary, with is planted above the course of the water-pipe which is proceeding to supply that Laver. T h e column is labelled :—" When the (from the aqueduct) is deficient, water may be raised well, being this supply all the offices." ("Colunzna in quanz dual ague defieiente hauriri aqua de Puteo adnzinistrabitur The the pipe I K, from proceeds the branch rn P, which through offices and supplies them by stand--Water poured into this to a sufficient to give i t a proper head issue from any one of these whose may be turned, and also run into the Prior's water tub. As the well itself stands between the two great water required for that would be immediately it. A n d for the Refectory Laver, the stand-pipe in the Cloister close to it might Gutters and Sewers. The great Norman drawing represents the provisions rain-168 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE when opened for ablutions or otherwise, this tank being prnvided with a drain to convey the waste to the Cloister-gutter, not shewn in the drawing. But the draw• ing contains a gutter or sewer in the neighbourhood of each tank, which would serve the purpose, although the connection between them is omitted. All the Lavers must have served to supply portable -water vessels, as pails and pitchers, which were filled from the cocks. Between the well of the Infirmary cloister and the Laver of the Infirmary, a column with a large capital is planted above the course of the water-pipe which is proceeding to supply that Laver. The column is la ·belled with the inscription :-" \iVhen the water-supply (from the aqueduct) is deficient, water may be raised from the well, and being poured into this column will supply all the offices.'' (" Oolumnet in quam ductu aque deficiente potest haurfri ag_ua d-e Puteo et administrabitu1· omnibus officinis.") The capital of the pillar is evidently a funnel, and the pillar itself a great stand-pipe, planted upon the pipe I K, from which proceeds the . branch m P, which is carried through all the offices and supplies them by stand-pipes. , vater poured into this pillar to a sufficient height to give it a proper head would issue from any one of these stand-pipes whose cock may • be turned, and also run into the Prior's ,vater tub. • A.s the well itself stands between the two great Lavers, the water required for that locality would be derived immediately from it. And for the Refectory Laver, the stand.pipe (a) in the Cloister close to it might serve as a substitute. Gutters anil, Sewers. The great Norman chawing represents the pl'ovisions made for collecting and carrying off the rnin-water. from MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 6 9 the roofs of the great Cloister and the north side of the .church. The had of and also a channel extended from the middle of the west to opposite These cistern opposite the door of the passage or Locutory that led from the great Cloister to the Infirmary cloister. The legend 'attached to this cistern is," Small well (Puteo/us) before rain-conveyed from all sides by the canal or gutter which is carried all round the Cloister. F r o m this well the passage the Infirmary Hall, and when the gutter comes opposite to the crypt door i t is turned out of the road to the right." The Drawing shews this deviation -very clearly; the gutter is turned so as to pass on the south of the Infirmary cloister, at the part where the Prior's Chapel was afterwards built. I t then proceeds under the subvaults Infirmary Hall, joining the channel described above, p. 163, which proceeds from the Prior's water-tub, and across the Green to the town ditch. I t s junction with the Prior's channel is concealed the buildings But there remain two pieces of documentary evidence channels and sewers. The first, in the list of Chillenden's works (Appendix, No. VI.), relates to the repair of the whole ancient line of gutters from the great Cloister to the third Dormitory or Necessarium, between 1390 and 1411. The second, in the description of Prior Goldston's works (in the Obituary, note x.), describes a new rain channel which he made round the south and east sides of the church, :MONASTERY OF. CHRIST CHURCH. lN C.ANTERBURY. 169 -the roofs of the great Cloister and the north side qf the ·chw:ch. The Cloister-garth had an open gutter round its outer border, which caught the drippings its eaves, and also a channel extended from the midclle of the west side t~ the middle of the opposit~ side. These channels tended downwards to a small (underground) ciste_rn opposite the door of the passage or Loautorg that led from .the great Cloister to the Infirmary cloister. The legend ·attached to this cistern is,·" Small well (Puteolus) before the door of the Locutory, into which the rain-water is conveyed from all sides by the canal or gutter which is carried all round the Cloister. From this well the gutter is carried along the passage which leads towards the Infirmary Hall, and when the gutter comes opposite to the crypt door it is turned out of the road to the l'ight." The Drawing shews this deviation very clearly; the .gutter is turned so as to pass on the south of the Infirmary cloister, at the part where the Prior's Chapel was afterwards built. It then proceeds under the subvaults of the Vestiarium, and turns northward under the Infirmary Hall, joining the channel described above, ·p. 163, which proceeds from the Prior's water-tub, and passes across the Green Court to the town ditch;. Its junction with the Prior's channel is concealed by the buildjngs in the Norman drawing. But there remain two pieces of documentary evi~ dence for the elucidation of the course of the rain-water channels and sewers. • The first, in the list of Chillenden's works ( Appendix, No. VI.), relates to the repair of the whole ancient line of gutters from the great Cloister to the third Dormit01·y or Necessarium, between 1390 and 1411. . The second, in the desc1iption of Prior Goldston's works (in the Obituary, note x.), describes a new rain: channel which he made round .the south and east sides of the church, 1 7 0 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE i t to the old channel had been repaired where passes Subprior's camera. I translations these parallel PRIOR OHILLENDEN. 1390-amended which i s conducted the way which leads Infirmary. First the end of the Chapterhouse straight on the outside Subprior's camera. across camera and across the great the Thei Prior's private And PRIOR GOLDSTON. outside church, the south and close cement, vaulted carry of of whole crypt of and the adjacent the of the aqueduct is extended from the south door city.. It foundations, up t o the Subprior's camera, and i s finally conducted the mansion o f the 170 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE and joined it to the· old channel which had been re ·paired by Chillenden, at the point whei-e it passes under .the Suhpriol''s ·came't'a. I subjoin tl'anslations of these .documents in two parnllel columns. PmoR CB:ILLENDEN: (1890-1411.) Repaired and amended the gutter which is conducted along the way which leads • from the Cloister to the Infirmary. First by that way straight to the end of the Chapterhouse outside. Then straight on the outside of the Prior's Chapel on • the south side as far as the Sub ·pri,or' s catrne'T'a. Then a.cross the Subprior's camera. and across the great _Hall of j;he Infirmary. The;n along the Prier's private camera. ' .A.nd so by the camera under the gloriet. PRIOR GOLDSTON. (1495-1517.) Constructed a subterranean aqueduct outside the church, on the south side, and close to it, with bricks and cement, va.ulted and firmly constructed, to carry off the inundations et rain-water which, for want proper channels, were wont to inundate the whole crypt of the Virgin and the adjacent chapels, and greatly hinder tb_e ·access of the pilgrims to the glorious Virgin. . This aqueduct is extended in length from the road which • leads from the south door of the church towards the city .. It passes through the church cemetery close to its foundations, and up to the Subp1 ·io1->s came11·a,, ana . is- finally conducted from the Subprior's camera along the ma.nsion of t~e Lord Prior. • OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 7 1 to the the third t o the head third it Dornai.tory.3- third ruined, was now repaired expenses, and leaded for the most part. Lastly, i n Wilkes's plan o f the waterworks t h e course of this ancient rain-gutter and sewer, at that time (A.D. 1668) still in use, as it is at present, is plainly delineated in exact accordance with the documentary .descriptions just quoted. I t is by the help of this plan that I have inserted the gutters in my Plans (Plates 2 and 3). The greatest apparent deviation in the Norman plan from the real line o f the sewers is produced by the mode in which the course of the great sewer across the Green Court is drawn. I t is evident from the whole scheme of the water supply, and from the documents and Wilkes's plan, that this sewer was conducted through the fosse of the great Necessarium to cleanse it. Wilkes's plan places i t in that position, and I have laid i t down accordingly. B u t to understand its posi- Extra quoque Ecclesiam aqueductum subterraneam satis onerosum ex parts australi props Ecelesiam ex lateribus et caamento opere testudiuario Ermissime constructam ad pluviarum inundationes commode reelpiendas satis pruclenter as provide construxit ; gum quidem pluviarum exnberantia totam Virginia Criptarn cum creteris Capellis adjacentibus ex defectu aquceductus nonnunquam operuerat ; sicque aditum satis diffi. eilem ad Virginem gloriosam causa devotionis visitandam omnibus illuc confinentibus omnino exhibuit. Q u i quidem aqumductus distenditur in longum b, via gum ducit ab hostio Ecclesis3 xneridionali versus civitatem per ccemeterium Ecclesiaa prope fundamenta ejusdem usque ad cameram Su.bprioris et a camera Subprioris per mansionem Domini Prioris usque ad caput tertii Domitorii finaliter protenditur atque traducitur. (Obit. Aug. Sac. p, 147.) MONASTERY OF ·CHRIST CHU.ROH IN C,AlfrERBURY. 171 Then to th.e head of th~ third to the head of the third Dormitory, and so it turns into Dor.mitory.1 the aqueduct in the third Dormitory. • This gutter, old, wasted, and TUined, was now repaired at great expenses, and leaded under ground for the most pa.rt . . Lastly, in Wilkes's plan of the waterworks the course of this ancient 1·ain-gutter and sewer, at that time (.A.1668) still in use, as it is at present, is plainly e convinced that the juxtapositions .of the buildings are in gene-• ral duly shewn, which is all. that was required to explain the' course and ramifications of the waterpipes a.nd sewers from one monastic office to another. .Also that the liberties taken with the relative magnitudes are due to the necessity of delineating the mechanism of the system on a sufficient scale for distinctn. ess. Thus the so-called Baptistery. is made of equal width to the gable of the transept behind it, whereas it has in reality but half that width; and the Lavatory Tower in the Great Cloister is equally magnified. In fact, the representation is the ~ork of an engineer, and not of an architect, and therefore. principally useful for its ample details of the. method of water supply to monasteries or towns in the twelfth century. :But it also gives most valuable incidental evidence of the genera.l di'stt-ibution of 'the Convent by the inscriptions attached to th~ buildings. : ·1n !l~sc;I,i.bj.ng:_t~ ~~wi.ng,_ ~ome .miter~. di.splay.their wit by ridiculing the method of delineation. Gostling tells . us . of I OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 8 1 Eadwyn penmanship; little honour draughtsman, plan, prospect; and i t shows plainly that (meaning Canterbury) is the Church and. known a D r. Hiles " I t master ;"2 observation applies the first develop° true principles of perspective drawing and. century) mathematicians No. H. concerning Source Works. From and 9(Archives. aei gratia Cantuarie Archiepiscopus Anglornm prinaas amico IV. et hallimoto sahatem. Sciatis conces- Sisse n.ostra pro animabus omnium predecessoruna nostrorum Dilectis filiis nostris con-. ventui ecclesie elemosinam, unani Acram paludis usque ad arabilem terram valle apud horfalde ubi fontes erumpunt et d.efluunt comm melius liberius possint et stagna sua enaendare et utilius custo dire. Idcirco (pod perp,etuo permaneat Cantuariensi illa. Testibus cancellario Sa'i Willelmo Johanne de TilebUria at Hugon.° et Petro scriptore et Gisleberto camerario at Roberto pincerna •Willelrno aliis. Apud. A.D. 1138, counterseal.) Archbishop T. must or Thomas b. Becket Bishop 1182) ; hence 1 Gostling, V e t , Mon. MONASTERY OF CH.RIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. :181 Ead.wyn that, "however proud he might be of his penmanship~ the drawing does very little honour to his skill as a draughtsma. n, for it is neither a plan., an upright, nor a prospect; an~ yet it shews plainly that this (meaning Canterbury) is the .Ohurch and Precinct he would have drawn, had he kno'wn how to execute a. design." 1 Dr. Milles says, "It is indeed easy to perceive that Eadwin was no master of perspective ;"2 an observation which a.pplies equally to the early painters up to the time of Raffaelle, for the excellent reason that the :first attempt to develope the true principles of perspective eh-a.wing and projection was made only about the end of the fifteenth century; and that the subject has employed the talents of the greatest mathematician!! from that time to our own. No. II. Grants concerrvimg the Water S01wce and Worlcs . Fro)l\ original in Box, o.nd Copy Reg. G. g· (p. 82, pencil), Chapter Arollivcs. T. dei gratia ·OaJJ.tuarie Archiepiscopus Anglorum primas Venerabili fratri et amico W.. Roffensi _Episcopo et Toti hallimoto de Sancto Martino sa.lutem. Sciatis nos dedisse et concessisse in perpetuum pro salute nostra et pro animabus omnium predecessorum nostrorum Dilectis filiis nostris priori et con~ :ventu.i ecolesie nostre in ·elemosinam. et perpetuam possessionem paulo plus quam una.Il'.i ..A.cram paludis usque ad. arabilem terra. m in valle apud horfalde ubi fontes orumpnnt et defluunt usque ad stagna eornm ut melius et hberins possint fontes suos curare et. sta.gna sua emendare et uti.lius custodire. Idcirco volumus et precipimus. quod perp.etuo permanea.t ecclesie Cantuariensi palus ill&. Testibus Philippo cancella,rio et Johanne de Sar et Willelmo de Ver et Johall-ne de Tileburia et Hugone de Gant et Petro scriptore et. Gisleberto camerario et Roberto J?incerna et Willelmo dispensatore et multis a.his.' Apud lamhedam. (Dated .A.,D. _1188, in modern hand.) (With seal and countersea.l.) : [The .Archbishop T, must be either Theobald (1139-1162) or-Thoml\B !l. :Becket (1162-1174), and the Bisllop W., Walter (1148-1182); hence the 1 Gostling, p. 148. V~t. Mon, 182 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE charter is placed between 1148 and 1174. But as Wibert constructed the aqueduct between 1153 and 1167, or if, when Subprior, a few years earlier, it is probable that the charter was given by Archbishop Theobald.] 71, Archives. fid.elibus presentes Thomas Conventus Sancti Cantuarie salutem -domino. Noveritis Quod aqueductum Christo Conventus Vcclesie Cantuariensis poraarium transeuntem Salvunt illesum quatenus operarios suos necesse fu.erit eundera aqueductum emen.dendum nostram habere ingressmn egressum. °oncoming the Conduits at Christchurch. B y Mr. Somner. monke Edward 2d tinie, late remaining Sir Simond thus :— 1167. Cost an de bone Caunterbirie, Cil les ordina fist elm flue hors de la cite, sus terre :— the yeare 1167. This yeare died Wibert mother church Canterbury, of October. The same roan. appointed caused made the Court of the Priory, taketh source city, wch Now in the Cottonian collection, Brit. 111fus. Claud. c. 6 fol. 166. Somner, p, 141, makes a short record of Wibert's services, referring to this memorandum in Sir Simon D'Ewes's Library. 182 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE But ll!ld ll67, Copy Reg. 5, from original Chapter .Archives. Omnibus Christi fidelibus presentes literas inspecturis Thomas prior & Conventus Sancti gregorii Cantuarie salutem in domino. N o-v-eritis nos concessisse et bona fide promisisse Quod aqueductnm dilectorum nobis in Christo Prioris et Conventus ~cclesie Christi Cantuariensis per pomarium nostrum transeuntem Salvum et illesum quatenus in nobis est conservabimus et permittemus operarios suos quociens necesse fuerit ad eundem aqueductum. emendendu.m per Curiam et portam nosti-am liberum ha.be-re ingressum et egressum.. &c. &c. 27 July. 1227. (Fine seal of the Convent.) No. III. Ooncerning the Conduits at OM,ist1;hurch. By M1·. Swinm·. In an ancient French manuscript, written by a rnonke of ye place in Edward 2d time, now or late remaining in Sir Simond de Ewes1 his Library, fol. 134 b, I read thus:- Anno 116 7. Cest a,n morust de bone memorie Wibert le Priur de la mere eglise de Oaunterbirie, la v. kalend de Octobre. Oil les conduts de euwe en tuz lea offices dediens la Court de la Priurie ordina. et £.st fere. et si prent surce eel euw sa une liwe hors de la cite, ki tut suz terre par pypes de plum a sa eglise fist venir. In English thus :~ In the yea.re 1167. This yeare died Wibert of good memory, the Prior of the mother church of Canterbury, the vth of the kalends of October. The same man appointed & caused to be ma.de the conduits of water in all the offices within the Court of the Priory, and that water ta.keth its source about a mile out of the ci~, wcu wholly 1 the Cottonian collection, :Brit. Mus. Claud. c. 6 fol. 166. a ehort record of Wiberi's services, r efe1·1'ing memo1-anduJI1 Librury. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. . 1 8 3 under the ground by pipes of lead he caused to come urte his belonging same cathedrall, now in ye Earle of Arundell's Library, bearing title, "Registrum sive Martyrologiu.m ecclesize xpi Cantuariaa," :— bonze memorize H i c inter multa bona opera pee fecit isti ecclesive aqueductum cam stagnis et lavatoriis et piscinis suis fieri fecit, quam fere milliario ab urbe intra curiam, et sic per omn.es curiae officinas, In English thus :— This man, among many other good works weh he did for this church, caused to be made the watercourse with its ponds, conduits, and fish pools; weh water he marvellously brought almost a mile from the city into the court, & so through all the offices o f the same court. Wiim Somner. No. IV. Extract from C. (‘ Concilia,' vol. ii. p. 246). refectorium comedentibus. . . . . Item monachi de cater° omn.es in conspectu communi secularium tam in dauso interiori, quam exteriori, domu.s vestraa a carnium esu, exceptis locis inferius annotatis, abstineant ; scilicet quod solum in naensa magistri in hafirraitorio, et caraeris infirmorum, in deport°, et camera prioris, ant in aula hospitum, cum ad hoc rite licentiati extiterint, yescantur carnibus ad sui recreationem idoneam 'v-el ad. solatium aliorum. E t h o consideret prwsidens iii licen.tha taliter concedenda. I t e m quia et raensa magistri, ub eriorem fratrum recreationena et non ad sal victus diminutionem conceditur, statuimus ordinando, ut cum ova eisdem in deport') vol mensa magistri MONASTERY OF OBRIST CIIlJRCH IN CANTERBURY. 18·3 under the ground by pipes of lead he caused to come urtc bis church. Another old manuscript in Latine, sometime belonging to the same cathedrall, now in ye Ea.rle of .A.rundell's Library, bearing this title, "Registrum sive Martyrologium. ecclesire :xpi Ca.ntua. rire," fol. 41 a, to the same purpose speake thus :- v. kal. octob. obiit bonre memorire Wibertus Prior. Hie inter multa. bona opera. qure fecit isti ecclesire a.queductum cum stagnis et lavatoriis et piscinis suis £eri fecit, quam aquam fare millia.rio ab urbe intra curiam, et sic per omnes ipsius curire offi.cinas, mirabiliter transduxit. In English thus :- On the vth of the kalends of October, Wibert of good memory, the Prior, died. This man, among many other good works wch he did for this church, caused to be made the watercourse with its ponds, conduits, and fish pools; w01' water he marvellously brought almost·a :mile from the city into the court, & so through all the offices of the same court. Extracted from the MSS. aforesaid by me, Wilhn Somner. No. IV. B,vf1ractfrom Winchelsey's Statutes, e. vii. (< Wilkins's Ooncilia,' vol. ii. p . 246). De extra refectorium. comedentibus . . . . , Item monachi de cretero omnes in conspeotu comm.uni secularium ta.m in clauso interiori, quam ex.teriori, domu.s vestrre a carnium esu, exceptis locis inferius annotatis, abstineant; scilicet quod solum in ll'.lensa magistri in infirmitorio, et cameris infirmorum, in deporto, et camera prioris, a.ut in aula hospitum, cum ad hoe rite licentiati e:xtiterint, yescantur carnibus ad sui recrea.tionem idonea.m vel ad. solatinm a.liorum. Et hrec duo caute consideret prresidens in. licencia. taliter concedenda.. Item quia deporti solatium, et mensa. magistri,ad uberiorem £ra.trum recrea.tionem et; non ad sni victus diminutionem conceditn.r, statnimus ordinando~ ut cum ova, eisdem in deporto vel mensa magistri 184 T H E ' C O N V E N T E A L BUHAANGS OF THE ministrantur, eu-ndem ovorum numerum habeant, quern de con.suetudine essent . . . certis temporibus reficiuntur magnam singulis accedant, ne tune temporis, prout solent, fabulis vacent otiosis, se implicent I t e m vol causa ut supra in infirmitorio, comedentes, statim post prandium vol claustram, lecturat vol scriptur a n t regula3 con.vertant : alioquin I t e m , quia eo, recusant,— ita hoc contin.git, quod tantummodo 'c-el quatuor fratres, qui sunt in deporto, missa3 de beata Maria consuetudine ecclesiaa approbata deberent,—hujusmodi turbationis materiam, niagister infirmarice d i e prout moris est, prwmuniat octo fratres tantum, quana utriusque chori prout sunt priores, quod deportum suum recipiant, s i voluerint sequente. E t si aliquis ipsorum recusaverit, ipso septimana3 miss m tertia, miss a3 eceteris no propter suam recusationera minuatur solennitas A b excipimus subpriorem, naajorem duos capellanos pro casibus contingentibus, qui non poterunt provideri, [Subjoined is the statute against the commission of nuisances, :— I t e m prmeipimus virtute obedientia3, pans, suspensionis singulis no in.gressum infirmaria3seu cameras vol aliis screare vol a spumam excutere, ant quicquam abominabile ibidem emitter° quoque modo preasumant, illue appareat, ox pluriuna inhon.esto save esse factum.] 184 THE ·CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE ministra.ntur, eundem ovorum. numerum habeant, quem de consuetudine assent in refectorio habituri. ...... Item qui in deporto certis temporibus reficinntur ad omnes processiones, tertiam solennem magna.m missam, et vesperas, sin.gnlis diebus acced.ant, ne tune temporis, prout solent, fabulis vacent otiosis, vel · lasciviis se implicant inhonestis. Item in deporto, vel ex causa ut supra in infirmitorio, comedentes, statim post prandium semel, si velint, bibentes, recedant ad chorum vel claustrum, lecturre vel scripturre aut repetitioni servitii vel regulre se converta~t: alioquin graviter puniantur. Item, quia pro deporto murmur inter fratres frequenter resonat pro eo, quod aliquando viginti fratres in una die deportum suum recusant,ita quod ex hoe frequenter contingit, quod tantummodo tres vel quatuor fratres, qui aunt in deporto, missre de beata Maria intersunt, ubi octo fratres de deporto singulis diebus de consuetudine ecclesire approbata interesse deberent,-ad abolendam hujusmodi turbationis materiam, magister innrmarire die dominica, prout moris est, prremuniat octo fratres tantum, tam inferioris quam. superioris utriusque chori prout in ordine sunt priores, quod deportum suum recipia:iit, si voluerint in septimana sequente. Et si aliquis ipsorum octo deportum suum rf:)cusaverit, ipse nihilominus sic recusans singulis diebus illius septimanre missre de beata Maria, et feria tertia missre de beato Thoma, teneatur interesse cum creteris qui sunt in eodem deporto, ne propter suam recusation.em minuatur solennitas ipsarum missarum. .A.b ista vero generalitate excipimus subpriorem, majorem cellerarium, et duos capellanos prioris, pro variis casibus continge:ntibus., qui non poterunt provideri, ac etiam seniores, qui magno tempore non perceperunt deportum. [S-ubjovned is the statute agwinst the corn-mission of nuis.ances, (p. 247) :- • : • Item prrecipimus in virtute obeclientire, ac sub poona suspensionis injungimus singulis monachis, ne in lavatoriis ad ingres. sum infirmarire seu ca.merre prioris, vel etiam alibi situatis, sive in locis aJiis juxta ea, screare vel a. naso spumam excutere, aut aliud quicqua.m abominabile ibidem emittere quoque modo prresuma.nt, ita quod illnc accedentibus apl)areat, prout ex gestu plurium inhonesto srepe didicimus ease factum.J OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 8 5 List Works PriOr Estria.—_Register I., mi., fol. 212. Chapter .3funiments, Canterbury?, B.—To facilitate reference to this items are numbered order.] curia, tenapore Prioris2 vestimentis aliis ornamentis Ecclesiasticis dOmibus edificandis et reparandis infra ambitum Ecclesie per Prioris. Ab ann.o nonagesintum.. .(1.) Camera magna cum (2.) Camera minor 's Camera longa, (4.) • (5.) Camera Caraino.4 Magna ad (7.) piscirta. ' (8;) Cisterna scolam novitioru.m. (9.) Studiura (10.) Reparacio aule 23011.: 16s. Anno Nova Camera Prioris emu G-ardroba, pictura,.et aliaru.m Camerarum. 3611.; 18s. 6d. Anno Novum Ecclesia. 3 0 1 i . 13.) Nova Tb.esaurarium. 1 0 1 1 . Anno Novara Gablum altar° 1311.: 12s. I This Galba ,2 1285-131, Zdes etiam irLfra mono; • sterium sumptuosas fundavit et plurimas dirutas reparavit : Obituary. Aug. Sac. 111. 3 Canine, 3 and The capella, caminoin these passages, 5 "Camera," interlineation in a later hand. MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH ·m CANTERBURY, 185 No. V. _Li,st of the Worlcs .of P7ior De Estiria,.-Register I., a--i.,Jol. 212. Okapter :Muniments, Oanterlw/ry.1, [N.B.-To facilitate reference to this List, ,the itelll.S a.re numbered. in oraer.] • Nova opera in ecclesia et in curia, tempore Henrici Prioris·9 Pro vestimentis et aliis oi:namentis Epclesiasticis in Ecclesia, ·et domibus edificandis et reparandis infra ambitum Ecclesie et Curie pei- 37 annos, tempore Henrici P1·ioris . .A.b anno Domini 1285 usque ad annum nonagesimum. ·(l.) Camera magna Prioris cum. pictura. (2.) Camera, minor ·cum Capella et novo Camino.3 (3.) Oameralonga cum novo Camino. (4.) Camera ad scaccarium cum diversorio ibidem. (5.) Camera nova in veteri plumbario cum Capella et Oamino.4' (6.) Magna grangia ad: fenum. (7.) Cisterna in piscina. (8;) Oisterna juxta sco1am novitiorum. (9.) Studium Prioris: .(1.0.) Reparaoio magne ~ule juxta portam Curie. 230 li. : 16 s . .A.nno 1291. (11.) Nova CameraPrioris plumbata, cum Gardroba, Camino, Celatura, pictura, _et pavimento aliarum Camera.rum. .A.nno 1292. (12.) Novum Orlogium magnum in Ecclesia.. (18.) Nova turris5 ultra Thesa.urarium. .A.nno 1294. 36 lL : 18 s. 6d . 30li. lOH . (14.) Novum Ga.blum Ecclesie ultra altare Sancti Gregorii. 13 li. : 12 s. 1 This is copied in Bib. Cott. Galbo. E. 14 f.103, and printed by Dart in -his Appendix iii. . 2 1285-lSSl, Henry De Estria, Prior, " 1Ede8 etio.m novas inrra. monasterium. et extra sumptuosas funda.vit et plurima.s dirutaa reparavit: " Obitual'y. A.ng. So.c. 141. • 8 Cnmno, MS. 3 ll-Dd 4 The word capslla, coupled with camino·in these two passages, appears to mean the chimney hood, and not a chapel. 6 " Camera," inrerlineation 1 8.6 . T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF WYE Nova panetria et nova coquina plumbata i n Camera Prioris. 1 3 18 s. Anno 1295. Pavimentum nova Gaola. 4 2 li. : 2 d. (17.) Decem neve schoppe lapidee in Burgate. 4 0 li. : 6 d. Anne Novum stabulum Thesaurarii cum solario e t parvo granario. 7 1 1 . : 8 s. Anno 1303. Novum 8 1 1 . : 5 s. : 10 d.. Anno 1304 et quinto. (20.) Reparacio tocius chori cum tribus novis ostiis, et 310V0 pulpit°, et (21) reparacio Capituli cum dnobus novis gabulis. 839 : 7 s. : 8 d. Anno 1314. (22.) Pro corona Sancti Thome a-uro et argent°, et lapidibus preciosis ornanda. 1 1 5 1 1 . : 12 s. (23.) Item, pro nova cresta a-area feretri Sancti Thome facienda. 7 1 1 . : 10 s. Anno 1316. Quinque Campane, quarum 1. que i n quo t r e s alio n.ovo longo versus north, i. ponderat 2400 ii.; alia, 2200 et tercia, 2000 li. sonituna quo 7001i. dim. 2361i : 13 s. : 6 d., carpentrio Anno 1317. 26.) NovamClocarium versus 61 ii.: 8 9 0 1 1 . : Item, campa-ne n.ove quarum prima ponderat 1460 li., secunda ponderat 1210 ii., et tercia 1124 Ii. Precium 661i. d. sine carpenterio fer- .ramento. Item, campane quo ponderant 27501i. Precium 1011. : Anno query weight? THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE (15.) Nova pa.netria. et nova coquina plumbata in Camera. Prioris. 13 li. : 18 s. Anno 1295. (16.) Pavimen.tum Claustri, et nova. Gaols.. Anno 1298. 42 li.: 2 cl. (17.) Decem nove schoppe lapidee in Burga.ta. 40 li.: 6 d. Anno 1301. (18.) Novmn granario . .Anno 1808. stabulum Thesaura.rii cum solario et pa.rvo 7 li. : 8 s. (19.) Novum Granarium in Bracino. Anno 1304 et quinto. 8 li. : 5s. : 10 d. (20.) Reparacio tocius chori cum tribu.s uovis ostiis, et novo pulpito, et (21) reparacio Capituli cum duobus novis gabulis. 839 li : 7 s. : 8 d. Anno 1314. (22.) Pro corona Sancti Thome auro et argento et lapidibus preciosis ornanda, 115 li.: 12 s. (23.) Item, pro nova cresta. a.urea feretri Sancti Thome fa .. cienda, 7li.: 10 s. Anno 1316. (24.) Quinque Campana, quarum. i. que vocatur Thomas in magno clocario, que ponderat viij li.1 ; tres alie in novo clocario longo versus north, quarum i. ponderat 2400 Ji, ; alia, 2200 li. ; et tercia, 2000 li. . Item, i. Campana ad sonitum Capituli que ponderat 700 Ii. et dim. Precium quinque campanarum. 236 li: 13 s. : 6 d., sine car~ pentrio et ferramento. • .Anno 1317. (25.) NovumClocarium longum versus north. 61 li.: 5 s. : 3 d. Item, pro plumbo et plumbario. 90 li.: 12 s. 2 d. (26.) Item, tres campane nove in clocario sub angto, qua.rum prim.a ponderat 1460 li., secunda ponderat 1210 li., et tercia. ponderat 1124 li. Precium 65 li. : 9 a. sine carpentel'io et ferra. mento. • • • (27.) I tem, 3 earn.pane nove minores in eodem clocario, que pondera.nt 2750 li. Precium 10 li. : 18 s. • Anno 1317 et 18. 1 Thus written,-query 8000 lb. weightP OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 8 7 Pro faciendis. 3 2 1 i . 7 Item, pro bracino cum novo granario Camino aiiis doraibus C-ariam, ann.os 14411. :s. • I n Pro vestinaentis cum nova tabula magni altaris. 1 4 7 1 i . : 14 S. totalis aliis ornaraentis edificandis repaxandis ambit= annos 2 1 8 4 1 1 . : entitled, Nova Opera tenapore estates monastery, during £3739. I t items; adjacent good Works Prior (A.% 1411'. 163, Chapter Leland. faded. I n Itinerary' (says, Thomas Chillendene, alias Ohislesdene, was Builder that Christes ehirche. He Church. He Chapitre Conduit Prior's Chaumbre, Brew the Esclaeker, Ynne yri Streate of Oantorbyri. And Waulles moste Circuite, the Waulle Abbaye." which so as discover MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH 1N CANTERnURY. 187 (28.) Pro novis studiis facienclis. 32 ~i. : 9 s. : ~ d. (29.) Item, pro novo bracino cum novo granar10 et Oammo et aliis domibus infra Ouriam, per duos annos predictos. 144,li.: 16 S; · In diversis annis. (30.) Pro novis vestimentis et aliis ornamentis Ecclesiasticis, cum nova tabula magni altaris, 147li.: 14s. Summa totalis pro vestimentis et aliis ornamentis Ecclesiasticis in ecclesia, et domibus edifi.candis et reparan. dis infra ambit-um Ecclesie et curie, per 37 anuos tempore Henrici Prioris. 2184li.: 18 s. : 8 d. Then follows a long list entitled, " Nova Opera in Maneriis tempore Henrici Prioris," giving the details of his expenditure upon the buildings, etc., on the estates of the monastery, du- 1·ing 37 years, amounting to £3739. 4s. 6d. It contains many curious items ; but as not relating to the fabric of the Church of Canterbury or adjacent buildings, this enumeration of good deeds is not here inserted. No. VI. List of the Wm-lcs of P1·ior Ohillenden (A.D. 1390-14,11'. Roll C, 166, Oha~ter Muniments, Canterbury. [When Leland visited Canterbury, c. 1540, the architectural reputation of this Prior had not faded from the memory of the inhabitants of his structures. In his 'I~erary' (vi. f. 3, p. 5) he says, " Prior Thomas Ghillendooe, alias Oliislesdene, was the greatest J3uilde1• of a Prior that ever was in Olvi·istes chi1·che.- Re was a great Setter forth of the new building of the Body of the Church. Re builded of new, the goodly Cloistre, the Ohapitre House, the new Conduit of Water, the Prior's . Ohaumbre, the Prior's Chapelle, the great Dormitorie and the Frater, the Bake House, the J3rew House, the Escheker, the faire Yn.ne yn the High Streate of Oanto1·byi·i. And also made the W aulles of :moste of al the Circuite, beside th.e Towne W aulle of the Enclosure of the .A..bbaye." . ; . The following Roll, w:hich. I was so fortunate as to discover 188 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE company my Albert apparently a complete list of this Prior's works, and has escaped the notice of all previous writers. I have numbered the paragraphs to facilitate reference.] , Nova Opera Reparaciones et adquisita tempore Thome Chyllynden. e Prioris Beclesie Xpi Cantuariensis. (1) Navis ecclesie Cantuariensis cum apparatu, gradus et pulpiti ibidem cum stacione crucis, et nova capella beate Virginis in eadem navi. Item (2), novura altare cum Tabula argentea & deaurata, cum apparatu altar= sanctoru-m Elphegi& Dun stani et una ymagine beate virginis cum corona aurea et geramis, MD/ iiirangtis argenteis & deauratis et cipho aureo precioso cum gemmis in manu virginis pro corpore x i inaponendo; ascenden.do et descenden do quum placet. Item (3), i i i r altaria made duo ex um, parte chori et duo ex altera de novo depicta. Item (4), dealbaeio tocius ecclesie .cum nova camera parvorum sacristarum et capella subtus SanctiAndree. Item (5), una camera privata et plumbata juxta vestiarium. I t e m (6), pavimentum ex parte Chori boriali de novo factum. Item (7), via de Eeclesia ad Dormitoriu.m cum. reparacione lavatorii ibidem, et subtus nova rastura plumbata. Item (8), clausura vie ex utraque parte de claustro usque ad cameram Prioris, at via de camera prioris usque ad curiana de novo facta et plumbata. E t emendacio gutteri de claustro ducentis se in. via que ducit de claustro ad infirraariam prirao in via eadera directe usque ad fin.em capitu1i exterius, Dein.de directe extra capellam Prioris ex parte australi usqtie ad Cameram Stipprioris, Delude transverse per Cameral]. Supprioris at transverse magnam aulam infirmitorii, Delude per Cameram privatam PniL oris in longitudine et sic per Camerana subtus le gloriety Deinde ad caput tercij dormitorii at tune vertit se ad aqueductum in tercio dormitorio : hoc gutterum fuit antiquura devastatum et perditum tarnen reparatura cummagnis expensis at plumbatum in terra in magna parte. I t e m (9), reparacio dormitorii cum novo tecto plumbato et novis Fenestris at pluribus lectis.. I t e m (10), teetum Dorn2itorii privatum cum novis fenestris. Item (11), lectum Prioris cum novo studio et aula superius. et Garderoba quasi de 120V0 constructa & plumbata. I t e m (12), via de cap ella Prioris ad Cam.eram suam de novo selata et reparata cum novis fenestris at , novo °amino. I t e m (13)3 nova camera subtus 188 • THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE in searching the documents of the Chapter some fifteen years ago, in company with my friend .Albert Way, contains apparently a complete list of this Prior's works, and has escaped the notice of all previous writers. I have numbered the paragraphs to facilitate refe1·ence.] • . Nova Opera Reparaciones et a.dquisita tempore Thome Chyllyndene Prioris Ecclesie Xpi Cantuariensis. ( l) Na vis ecclesie Cantuariensis cum apparatu, gradus et pulpiti ibidem cum stacione crucis, et nova capella beate Virginia ;in eadem navi. Item (2), novum altare oum Tabula argentea & deaurata, cum apparatu altarum sanctorum Elphegi & Dunstani et una ymagine beate virginis cum corona aurea et gemmis, cum iiijO•angtis argenteis&deauratiset cipho aureo precioso cum gemmis in. ma.nu virginis pro corpore xpi imponendo; ascendendo et descendendo quum placet. Item (3), iiij0• altaria unde duo ex una, parte chori et duo ex: altera de novo depicta. Item (4), dealbacio tocius ecclesie ·cum nova camera parvorum sacristarum et capella subtus Sancti.A.ndree. Item (5), una camera privata et plumbata juxta vestiarium. Item (6), pavim.entum ex parte Chori boriali de novo factum. Item (7), via de Eoolesia ad Dorm.itorium cum reparacione lavatorii ibidem, et subtus nova rastura plumbata. Item (8), clausura vie ex utraque parte de claustro usque ad cameram Prioris. et via de ·camera prioris· usque ad curiam de novq facta et plulllbata. Et emendacio gutteri de claustro ducentis se in via que ducit de cla.ustro ad infirmariam pri.mo in via eadem directe usque ad :finem capituJi exterius, Deinde directe extra capellam Prioris ex pa.rte australi usqtie ad Cameram Supptj. oris, Deinde transverse perCameram Supprioris et transverse magnam aulam infirmitorii, Deinde per Oameram priva.tam P1-i.: pris in. longitudine et sic per Cameram su.btns le gloriet,. Deinde ?,d caput tercij dormitorii et tune vertit se ad aqueductum inter., cio dormitorio: hoe gutterum fuit ant'iquum devastatum et perdi.:. tum tamen reparatum oummagnis expensiset plumbatum in terra in magna pa.rte. Item (9), reparacio dormitorii cum novo tecto plumbato et novis Fenestris et pluribus leotis.. Item (l 0), teetum Dormitorii privatmn cum novis fenestris. Item (11}, }ectum ·Prioris cum novo studio et aula superius, et Ga11deroba quasi de no:vo constructa & plumbata. Item (12), via de capella Prior-is ad Cameram suam de novo selata • et reparata cum novis fenestri.s et . no:vo camino. Item ( 13), nova cal'.!lera subtus OF CHRIST CHURCH I N 'CANTERBURY. 1 8 9 constructs cum novo teetd e t cooperto cum Item camera Gamins) balnio' Item camera privata via eandem plunabata. Item (pro Deporto, cum, celario. Item coquille alia hon.esta quatuor Firmaria. Item Meisteroraers majori parte toto. Item conapletum. Item Domus completa. 2d), Refectorii cum veteri plunabo foderis plurabi additis. Item (22), nova camera Celerarii cum 23) Quoda,modo reparatio aule celerarii cum nova via ad Portam curie reparacio Item 24), camere juxta coquinam conventus lardario °amino supra coquinana. Item (26), Item. domms necessarlis suis. nova sartrina. Item (novu.m novum Item orrium pro feno Prioris. I t e m (81), clausura murorum de Northegate cum fair plumbatis. I t e m 32),ciraiterii domibus Margate. (33), nova sacristaria in Cimiterio cum nova plumbaria. Item (34), hospicium in vocatum Chekere de novo totaliter Oxonia mania sent de novo constructa mina opera reparaciones various Libri seripti et adquisiti tempore ejusdem Thome .Prioris.] in the Obituary (Aug. Sacra., 143), evidently illustrates the manner i n which such accounts were formed :— T.Chillinden,Por.—C1austrain Doinum Capitularem, Magnum Dornaitorium cura not-a via Ecclesiain, & doraura rasturee fieri fecit• • MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH lN "CANTERBURY. 189 totaliter constructa. cum novo tecto et cooperto cum plumbo. Item (14), alia ea.mere. inferius cum ca.mino et balnio: honesto. Item (15), superius nova ca.tnera priva.ta cum via. ad ea.ndem plumbata. Item (16), novus locus pro Deporto, cum. subtus cela.rio. Item (17), coquine et a1ia. honesta. pro qua.~or cameris in Firmaria.. Item (18), reparacio de Meisteromers pro llltl,jori pa.rte in tofio. Item (19), novum opus in claustro adhuc non completum. Item (20), nova Domas capitularii complet.a. .. Item (2.1), tectura Refectorii cum veteri plumbo et xij foderis. novi plumbi adcli.tis. Item (22), nova cam.era. Celerarii cum nova scola monachorum. Reparaciones in Curia. (28) Quodamodo reparatio au1e cele1·arii. cum. uova via ad P.orta.m curie & repal'a.cio ejusdem porte. Item (24,), nove eamere pro hospitio ju:x:ta coqu.inam conve7?-tus cum novo la~daTio subtus, et novo camino supra coquinam. Item (25), reparacio domus bracini. Item (26), domus in officio celerarii pro necessa~ riis sui.s. Item (27), novasartrina. Item {28), novum granarium. Item (29), novu.m. stabulum · Prioris. Item. (30), novum orrium pl'O feno Prioris. Item (31), clausura murorum de N ortbegate usqua ad quenegate cum iiij0r Turribus plumbatis. Item (82), reparacio porte cimiterii cum ij do mi bus sacriste in Btll'gate. Item (33), :nova sacristaria :in Oimiterio cum nova. plumba1·ia. • Item. (34,), hospicium in. villa, vocatum le Chekere de novo totalite1· constructum. Oxonia. exceptis aula et ij cameris omnia edificia sunt de novo constr-μcta una cum capella. [Then follow opera and 'l'epcvrcwiones at the various Manors, closing with Irib1'i scripti et ad,q_uisit;i, tempore ejusdem Thome· .:P1-io-ris .] The following more concise notice of the works of this Prior, given in the Obituary (.A..ng. Sa.era, p. 143), has evidently been abridged from the above Roll, and the comparison of the two illustrates the manner in which such accounts were form.eel:-. • J. Oll!illinde-n,Prior.-Olaustrw:n. quoque,Domum. Capitula.rem, Magnum. Dormitorillnl cum nova, viA versus Eccle.siam, & subtus domum rasturre de novo :fieri fecit, · 190 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE Certa etiam asdificia intra ambitum Curim consistentia, viz. Sartrinum, Gran.arium, Stabulumque Prioris, & muros cum torribus ejusdern Curia3, domosque qua,mplures necessarias longo tempore dirutas, de novo fecit & emendavit. A/dem quoque lapideam juxta aulam Prioris quo vocatur Pavid Cham.ber, cum duabus aliis cameris, lectumque Prioris in Dormitorio cum. Studio & aliis domibus ann.exis, laudabiliter reparavit. I n eleemosynaria verb aularo. Presbyteroruro. & aulam pueroru.m cum aliis diversis 03dificiis de novo construxit. No. VII. Report of the Dilapidation's of the Archbishop's Palace, c. 1348, from, the Register of the Letters of Prior Robert (Hathbrande). Reg. 12 of the Chapter Archives, fol. 76 b. (Hitherto unpublished.) Memorandum quod magna aula in palacio domini archiepiscopi indiget magna reparacione viz. in gutteris coopertura fenestris vitris et ligneis hostiis atque muris. I t e m Capella indiget reparacione in celatura. I t e m camera domini parva indiget reparacione viz. in fenestris hostiis & coopertura. I t e m magna camera indiget majori reparacione quia manes fenestrm sunt fractee & pars muri ejusd.em. I t e m coquina pro cadent camera reparari non potest nisi de novo totaliter construatur. Item dorous magna que vocatur aula beati Thome juxta cameram domini est adoo ruinosa, quoil sine nova constructione reparari non potest. I t e m camera juxta magnam aulam indiget reparacione in coopertura. I t e m alie due camere inter magnam aulam & roagnam cameram situate sunt adeo ruinose quod reparari non possunt sine con.structione facienda de novo. Item magna coquina indiget coopertura. I t e m magna porta cum stablis indiget magna reparacione viz, in coopertura hostiis atque muris. I t e m multi sunt alii defectus in predict° palacio viz, in porticibus gradibus et aliis diversis partibus quos ad. presens nescio ennumerare. Ex Reg. literarum Dni Rob ps. [This document is not dated, but those before it have dates 1338, 1341, 1344, and after it, 22 E. 3, 1348. The Prior was Robert Hathbrande (from 1338 to 1370). Archbishop Stratford died 1348, and was succeeded by Ufford, who died before he was consecrated, 1.349, and by 13radwardin, 190 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE • Certa etiam redi-6.cia intra ambitum Curire consistentia, viz. Sartrinum, Granarium, Stabulumque Prioris, & muros cum turribus ejusdem Curire, domosque quamplures necessarias longo tempore dirutas, de novo fecit & emendavit. 1Edem quoque lapideam juxta au.lam Prioris que vocatur Pavid Chamber, cum duabus aliis cameris, lectumque Prioris in Dormitorio cum Studio & aliis domibus anne:ris, laudabiliter -r.eparavit. In eleemosyruzrria vero aulam Presbyterorum & aulam. puerorum cum aliis diversis redificiis de novo constru:x:it. No. VII. Repo1·t of the Dilapidations of the IH"chbisliop's Palace, c. 1348, from the Register of the Lett6'rs of Pri01· Robm·t (Fiathbrnnda) . Reg. 12 of the Chapter Archives, fol. 76 b. (Hitherto unpublished.) Memorandum quod magna aula in palacio domini archiepiscopi indiget magna reparacione viz. in gutteris coopertura fenestris vitris et ligneis hostiis atque muris. Item Capella indiget reparacione in celatura. Item camera domini parva indiget reparacione viz. in fenestris hostiis & coopertura. Item magna • camera indiget ma.jori reparacione quia omnes fenestrre sunt fractre & pars muri ejusdem. Item coquina pro eadem camera reparari non potest nisi de novo totaliter construatur. Item. domus magna que vocatur aula beati Thome juxta cameram domini est adeo ruinosa, quod sine nova constructione. reparari non potest. Item camera juxta magna111 aulam indiget reparacione in coopertura. Item alie due camere inter magnam au.lam & ma.gnam camera.m situate sunt adeo ruinose quod reparari non possunt sine constructione facienda de novo. Item magna coquina indiget coopertura. Item magna porta cum stablis indiget magna reparacione v;iz. in coopertura hostiis atqne muris. Item multi sunt alii defectus in predicto palacio viz. in porticibus gradibus et aliis diversis partibus quos ad presens nescio ennumerare. • Ex: Reg. literarum D»i Roo :p8, [This document is not dated, but those before it have dates 1338, 1341, 1-344, and after it, 22 E. 8, 1348. The Prior was Robert Hathbrande (from r338 to 1370). Archbishop Stratford died 1348, and was succeeded by Ufford, who died before he was .consecrated,_ 1349, and by Bradwardin, OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 9 1 and succeeded who the administrators 17fford for value B1101.58. 2d., sentenced The dilapidation; was from as was Inford No. VIII. I referred preceding pages name "Distribution a most valuable o f connection between monastic on and Prebendal Chapter were constructed of their ruins, on the other. I t been employed it, and gives copy document History 8vo History Canterbury,' H e observes it on the demise brethren, consent chapter, others order ascertain these continued. some queen Elizabeth's accession; since I n document he has Somner's notes, and placed the descriptions of stall S The reprint (win Sonaner's own preserved unpublished, but which give most interesting and curious information concerning mode transformation dwellinghouses and gardens was carried out. M y own notes are (R. margin each allotment brackets added the number which is • to i t by MONASTERY OF CHRIST CIDJRCR IN CANT.ElIDT.mY. 191 . who also died 1349, 11,nd was succeeded by Islip, wh.o sued the administrators of Uffot·d for dilapidations to the v:alue of £1101. 5s. 2d.,. which sum the latter was sentenced to pay (Batteley, 72). The above document is connected with this matter, and recites the dilapidation ; the survey w-ns made at the desire of the Archbishop, as appears from. a previous entry, but ns it is not dated the name of the Archbishop in question is uncertain, but wo.s probably Ufford himself.] No. VIII. [The following document, which I have refe1Ted to repeatedly in the preceding pages under the name of the « DistJ.i.bution Document," is a. most valuable link of connection between the monastic buildings, on the one hand, and the Prebendal houses with other Chapter buildings which were constructed out of their rums, on the other. It has been employed by Somner, who first transcribed it, and by Battely a.nd Gostling. Hasted gives a copy of this document in his ' History of Kent,' fol., vol. iv. p. 570; and again, in his 8vo' History of Canterbury,' 1801, vol. i. p. 497. He observes that "the frequent changes which appear by it to have been made between some of the prebendaries of those lodgings, at first allotted to them, and then again to others on the demise of any of their bt:ethren, some with the consent of the chapte>:, and others by 01·der of the visitor, make it very difficult to ascertain to which stall they in reality belonged, and these changes seem to have continued till some time after queen Eliz;abeth's accession; since which the lodgings have remained fixed to the prebendaries, according to their respective stalls." In printing the document he has omitted Somner's notes, and placed the descriptions of the allotments in the order of the numbers of the stalls to which they were given in his time. The present reprint is from my own literal transcript of Somner's own manuscript, p>:esel'ved in the Chapter archives, and is accompanied by his own notes, hitherto unpublished, but which give most interesting and o_urious information concerning the mode in which the transf, ormation of the conventual buildings into a group of dwellinghouses and gardens was carried out. My own notes are marked (R. W.), and in the margin of each allotment I have in brackets added the number which is • attached to it by Hasted, with the letter H. to indicate my authority.] 192 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE • T h e Distribution Document. The division and distribution of houses (or Lodgings) to and ye begunn.e ye Ann.o The Deanes F i r s t from ye Chapell doore next ye Dortor to lodging, h a v e ye ye Cheker wth all manner of Chambers therenuto belonging, both new and old; lately appartaining to Prior there, With Ye come lofts and sellars under them, adioyning to ye west end of his great gardens. A n d alsoe all ye brewhouse separate now from Mr. Parkehurst lodging, and ye bake-house, and all other • h o u s e s as the whole lodging lately ordeyned for ye Mr of ye choristers unto ye Deanes stable. A n d ye gatehouse there next to his s t a b l e s : • alsoe ye great barna next ye stables, and ye twoe stables lately called ye Prior's stables, and ye sumptery stable wth ye Carter's hall. A n d division to be made betwene Mr Dr Itidleies garden directly from Mr Deanes gate. A n d to stop up ye walke upon y8 wall. A n d Mr Deane to have ye whole roome from ye barne with ye towne• wall and tower unto Dr. Ridleies orchard pale. A n d a way to be reserved for Mr Deane to ye Posterne gate. A n d ye garden • b e f o r e his hall doore with ye wine sellar.1 1 . First to have vault called Bishop Becket's t o m b e under our Ladies chapell. The house c a l l e d his bakehouse, his kitchen, hall, par- l o r , buttery, the south side of ye old chapell, ye chancell there, with all manner of build- 'By next yeare this That 3;e great bee downe wth y° stuff° to builded certaine lodgings for y° Pety and and other office to them by r discretion of y° Prebendaries and the years a "That ye should be taken" downs from ye great, 111° to have twos foder, everye have l92 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDmGs OF THE The Distnilnition Doc1i1nent. The division and distribution of houses (or Lodgings) to and amongst y0 Deane prebendaries and preachers of Christchurch, Canterbury, by decree of Chapter, begunne November 25 and continued to y0 29th of the same. Anno Dni. 1546, wth Notes. The Deanes lodging. The Bp. of Dovor, Dr. Thorntons Lodging. First from ye Chapell doore next y0 Dortor to have y" chapell wth y> Closet, the old Oheker wth all manner of Chambers thereunto belonging, · both • new a.nd old ; lately appartaining to ye Prior there, with y0 corne lofts and sellars under them, adioyning to y0 west· end of his great gardens. And alsoe all y0 brew house separate now from Mr. Parkehurst lodging, and ye bake~house, and all other houses as the whole lodging lately ordeyned for ye M' of y0 choristers unto y0 Deanes. stable. And y• gatehouse there next to his stables: aJ.soe ye great barne next ye stables, and ye twoe stables lately called y0 Prior's stables, and ye sumptery stable wth ye Carter's hall. And a division to be made betwene Mr Dr Ridleies garden directly from Mr Deanes gate. And to stop up y0 walke upon y0 wall. And Mr Deane to have y0 whole roome from ye barne with y0 towne • wall and tower unto Dr. Ridleies orchard pale. And a way to be reserved for Mr Deane to y0 Posterne gate. And y0 garden before his ha11 doore with y0 wine sellar.1 1. First to have ye vault called Bishop Beoket's tombe under our Ladies cha.pell. The house called his bakehouse, his kitchen, hall, parlor, buttery, the south side of y0 old cha.pell, ye cha.ncell there, with all m~nner of build- 1 By decree of chapter 1547, the next yeare after this Division, "That y• great Dortor shall bee taken dow1=1e and w1h y• stnifo thereof coming to. be builded certaine lodgings for y• J>ety canons and Vicars, and other houses of office to them by y• discretion of y• Prebendnries ;" and the yen.re following by o. like Decree, ''That of ye leade that should be taken· downe from y• gi-eat· Dortor, M' Deane t-0 ha.ve twoe foder, and everye Prebend to liave one foder:" • MONASTERY OP CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 193 yere made, his courts before his doore and kitchen, with ye garden and therein, next ye And ye Mr along ye Deanes garden.1 Mr Sentle- 2 . have ye f f e r m a r y —y egarden on ye North s i d e ; the old table Hall with ye kitchin, buttery, ye ye end ye the little garden there, and ye stable next Mr ye Mr 3 . yo With his larder y e doure, wth all ye wall roome, tower, H.) t o w n e ye whole from Mr. Deanes wall against ye late ye The ye ye Dr. Ridleyes 4 . ye and y e chamber Willm Wyndcheps being (5. H.) a n n e x e d ye ye Homors,1 wth a l l manner houses there above and his farre ye chamber as garden diredly departeth. A n d division there be made crosse ye ye wall lyeth. A n d all ye back garden to Mr. garden, with ye towne wall, the also ye Stable next the bakehouse. I yeare to W ye Mr Miles ye now Mr ye next. M r Parkhurst ye next hedged. M r and ye Mr Mr Hunt all ye vacant roome from M' Parkhurst; garden to 'ye santuarie wall. Mr Golson and Mr,ye roome Mr Ridly Miles ye wall. A l l ye ' VII. 0 OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBUUY. 193 gers Lodging. (2. H.) ings by him yere made, his courts before his hall doore and kitchen, with ye garden before his gallery and his old garden in the sanctuarie, with his orchard and tower therein, and ye stable next to ye middle gate. And ye hay house next Mr Seinligers stable a.long ye Deanes garden.1 2. First, he to have ye North side or Isle of y0 ffermary chapell, wth ye garden on ye North side; the old table Hall with ye kitchiu, buttery, ye chamber called Gonnissons chamber, and y• Lodging at y• upper end of y• hall, the little garden the.re, and y• stable next Mr Deanes stable with y~ little barne. Mr Park- 3. He to have y0 kitchen with his larder next hurst's Lodging. ye doure, wth all y• wall roome, tower, ( 4. H.) towne wall, garden to ye stables, the whole DrRidleyes Lodging. (5. H.) lodging from Mr. Deanes wall aga.inst y• well late made in the brewhouse, y0 kitchen before named pertaining to his lodging. The stable next y• garden wth y• hay house thereunto belonging. 4. He to have all y• chambers and house from y• chamber now Wilhn vVyndcheps being annexed unto y• lodging named y• Hom01·s,1 w1h all manner houses there above and under, joyning to his garden, and soe far1·e crosse ye great . chamber as his ga1·den wall direQtly departeth. And a division there to be made crosse y• chamber as y0 garden wall lyeth. And all ye back garden to M.r_ Deanes garden, with ye towne wall, . the tower lately in ye tenure of Mr Daniel, And also y0 Stable next the bakehouse. • 1 By decree of chapter 1545 the yea:re before this division, the Common garden was divided into 12 parts, viz. to M• Thornden, Menyl and Daniell' to have and keepe y• upper garden. M• Milles Y" next garden now_hedged, M• Ridley y• next. M•·Parkburst y• nerl J1edged. M• Seintleger and Devenish y• next twoe gardens hedged and paled. M• Glasier and M• Hunt aU y• M• Parkhurst toy• M'.• Golson a,nd M• .Nevill y• vacant ·roome from M• Rielly and Milles gardens to y• foresaid wall, .All y~ great · allies to be paled, &c. • • VOL. VII. 0 194 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OE THE Mr Mennys 5 . He t o have ye other part o f ye foresaid Lodging. g r e a t chamber in ye homers,' the rooms un- (6. H.) d e r n e a t h , with ye gallery and garden and. his old chamber, with all manner of chambers, sellars and roomes there enclosed, and ye stable next ye forge barne and ye hay house betwixt ye barne and ye BP of Dovor. Mr Glaziers 6 . He to have ye whole Lodging from ye 'Larder Lodging. g a t e to ye Pentise gate,2 with ye chambers (7. H.) t h e r e called Heaven and Paradise; a n d soe through ye Prater, and t o ye cloister. And a l l ye Frater t o ye Dortor wall, ye common kitchens with all manner houses sellars and lofts. T h e lead timber and freestone of ye frater take downe for ye Treasure of ye church! and ye stable next Mr D r Ridleyes. 1 Following a copy of this decree before I had a sight of the originall, I have in my Survey written i t Honors.* A n d truely as i t is in ye originall Homors, I know not what i t may signifie or whence the name should come But have guessed att the derivation of that other name of Honors in yo same treatise. 2 Soo called from a long entry or passage, vaulted over comming to i t from the Court gate, or (as wee now more commonly call it) the Porter's gate: where, under the gate southward, was not only a door opening into the then Porter's Lodge, a. 1650 altered and made on the other side of the gate as now it is, but alsoe another doore opening into that long entry, pentice, or passage of old, serving for carriage and recarriage to and from the Cellarer's Hall, the common Hall also and Kitchin ; but afterwards, within the memorie of some yet alive, used by the grammar Schollars for their passage to and from church. 3 This kitchen with ye other roomes about it as superfluous was ye same yeare with y° Frater by Chapter decree ordered to be taken downe in these words, "Item, ye common kitchen to be taken downe with other superfluous houses there, and all ye stuffe to be carried away and Mr Glasier to have ye roome ; with ye long seller under ye frater." 4 What here you see allotted to ye company in common was shortly after given and graunted from them to Air Bob G-oldson in the order of this division ye 8th Prebendary, in particular, by what meanes .36 to what intent shall be skewed at large in treating of that Prebendall house. * The expression my Survey shows that the writer of this transcript was Mr. Somner, in whose Survey of the Antiquities,' etc., p. 106 (Bat, tely's edition), the " Honors " are discussed. ( R . W.) 194 THE CONVENTOAL BUILDINGS OF THE MrMennys Lodging. (6. H.) Mr Glasiers Lodging. (7. H.) 5. He to have ye other pa.rt of ye foresaid great chamber in y" lwmo1·s, 1 the rooms underneath, with y" gallery and garden and. his old chamber, with all manner of chambers, sella.rs and roomes there enclosed, and ye stable next ye forge barne and y• hay house betwixt y" barne and y• BP of Dovor. 6. Re to have y0 whole Lodging from ye Larder gate to y" Pentise gate,2 with y0 chambers there called Heaven and Paradise ; and soe through y• Frater, and to y• cloister. And all y• Frater to y• Dortor wall, y0 common kitchen8 with all manner houses sellars and lofts. The lead timber and freestone of ye frater take downe for y0 Treasure of y" church'!. and y0 stable next yr Dr Ridleyes. 1 Following a copy of this decree before I had a sight of the originall, I have iu my Su1·vey writt.en it Honors.')(; And truely as it is in y• originall Homors, I know not what it may signifi.e or whence the name should come But have guessed att the derivation of that other name of Honors in y0 same treatise. 2 Soe called from a long entry or passage, vaulted over comming to it from the Court gate, or (as wee now more commonly call it) the Porter's gate: where, under the gate southward, was not only a door opening into the then Porter's Lodge, a.0 1550 altered and made on the other side of the gate as now it is, but alsoe another doore opening into tho.t long ent1-y, pentice, or passage of old, serving for carriage and recarriage to and from the CellareJ•'s Hall, the common Hall also and Kitchin ; but afterwards, within the memorie of some yet alive, used by the gra.=ar Schollars for their passage to and from church. 3 This kitchen with y• other roomes about it as superfluous was y• same yea.re with y• Frater by Chapter decree ordered to be taken downe in these words, "Item, y• common kitchen to be taken downe with othe1• superfluous houses there, and all y• stuffe to be carried away and M• Glasier to have y• roome; with y• long seller under y• frater." 4 What here you see allotted to y• ~ompany in common was sbort1y after given and graunted from them to M• Rob Goldson in the order of this division y• 8'h .Prebendary, in particular, by what meanes & to what int.ent shall be shewed at large in treating of that Prebendall house, * The expression my SurTJey shews that the writer of this transcript was Mr. Somner, in whose ' Survey of the Antiquities,' etc., p. 106 (Bat. tely's edition), the " Honors" are discussed, (R. W.) OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 9 5 Mr Miles 7 . Mr Gold- 8 . son's 3. 9 . (8. H.)3 Mr De 1 0 . venishs Lodgings. Kee to have ye whole lodging with the next ye Pentise in ye court with ye ye court gate. A n d ye ye lately ye Treasurers ye 1 flee have twoe lodgings late Mr Mr ye to ye tenements. A n d to have ye Mr 2 Hoe have Mr Coks Lodging the and close and gardens impaled ye ye flee ye Mr Crosse and ye ye whole garden, with the vaults and tavvne Provided yt Mr Mules have house soe convenient as he ye 1 a° Mr 1VIilles lodging ye ye Canterbs ye 2 decree Chapter a. ye house Prebend's Mr a chapel!, taken ye sold." In June 1547. The Chapter make the following decree, "Item, yt at Protector letters, ye M"ea Chapter hath granted Mr Bobt ye and and r late ffrater house and tenn pounds, other y° ye same taken ye ffrater, and as as shall be Vice And ye Mr all ye ye convenient new Prebends house, and convey cary rubbish Prater." I1Y Dr Jackson, inhabiteth. name Bishop of Caithness, Itobt Steward, eleventh; Mr Ponet, eighth.—Battely, p. 1.28, etc. T h e other names i n list coincide with Battely's list and Hasted's 2 MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CAN'£ERBURY. 195 Mt Milles Lodging. (10. H.) M1 Goldson's Lodging. (8. H.) M1 Nevills Lodging. (8. H.)8 MrDevenishs Lodgings. (9. H.) 7. Hee to have y0 whole lodging with the • garden next ye Pentise in y0 court with y0 whole lodging over y., com·t gate. And y0 stable with y0 hay house lately y0 Treasurers store house adjoyning neere y0 bakehouse. 1 • 8. Hee to have twoe lodgings late M• Harles (Searles, H.) and Mr Brookes with ye roomes square to y0 tenements. And to have y0 stable that :Mr Devenish lately had.2 9. Hee to have Mt Coks Lodging with the Plumery and close and gardens impaled upon y0 hill to y0 schoole garden. 10. Hee to have y0 whole lodging that M• Orosse had, beneath and above, with all manner of Roomes within y0 gate called y0 Hogg Hall. The whole garden, with the vaults and town.a wall. Provided yt M• Milles have a wood house soe convenient for him as he now hath, els to keepe y0 same. By decree of Chapter a• 1547, "Item, M• Milles to have unto his lodging y• part of y• gallery from his house to the end of my Lord of Cante1·b• bakehouse & soe into y• Court. A decree of Chopter n• 1569, "That y• roofe of a house ( once a Prebend's Lodging) neere M• Deanes kitchen, Item, of n. chapell, to be token downe & y• lead of it sold.'' In June 1547, The Chapter make the following decree, " I tem, yt ot the Sight of the Ld .Prot.ector his lette1'8, tendring y• Kings M"" pleasure, the Ohapter bath grant.ed that M• Robt Goldson shall have allowed to him for y• lead, stone, timber, a.nd other things sold nnd otherwise spent lately of y• la.ta ffrater house six score and tenn pounds, and as much other timber for y• timber of y• sn.me as is spent and ta.ken from y• said ffi:ater, o.nd shall have ns much Iron ns abnll he thought meete for him by the Vice Deane and Treasurer. Andy• said M• Goldson to have ally• iron, glasse, timber, and stone now left of y• same frater unsold, soe as he build a con• venient new Prebends house, and convey and ca.ry away the l'Ubbiah of the same Frater." Hereupon this ]',.fr Goldson forthwith built and sett up that which at present D• J ackson, as his successor, now inhobiteth. 3 His no.me is in the list of the twelfth Prebend; the :Bishop ofCaithness, lfobt Steward, eleventh; M• Ponet, eighth.-.Battely, P· 128, etc. 1703. The other names in the list coincide with Battely's list and Ho.sted's numbers. o2 196 T H E CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE Ponetts 1 1 . f l e e t o have f e other lodging called Ho= Lodging. m o n wth ye gallery a t t ye doore above and. (11. H.) b e n e a t h . A n d ye chapel above and under, and ye orchard inclosed w i t h stone walls next ye street square with his lodging. A n d ye stable with ye hay house late Mr Daniel's. And licence t o b u i l d a . gallery O f ten.n.e yards upon ye Bishop o f Dovors garden wall there. L o : o f 1 2 . He t o have ye lodging in ye late long hall' Cathnes f r o m M r Deanes lodging t o ye Bishop o i Lodging. D o v o r s lodging with a l l manner houses and (12. H.) v a u l t s late i n ye tenure of Mr Ar thur Sentleger. A n d a way through ye G-imews2 t o bring i n wood. A n d ye stable between.e Mr. Ponitt and Mr. Parkhurst. 1 In ye yeare 1545, the yeare before this division, a decree was made in Chapter "That y° long hall should be pulled downe with speed." This gymewes (or guimawes) is a French word signyfying a place of Wild Mallowes Sr such a place is this, wayed into by a doore in ye dark entry under the east end of the Deanes Chapel ... this is now noe Prebends house but belongs to Dr Jackson by lease from the Church. No. I X . EXPLANATION OF PLATES 1, '2, 3. F i g . 33 A N D Fig. 8. , Roman capitals, from A to P, are reserved for the source and tanks of the waterworks, in accordance with those introduced into the copy of the - small Norman drawing (fig. 33). B u t the scale of the plan we are now considering necessarily excludes the source and tanks outside the city wall, from A to F, and leaves only the tank G, which was fixed close to it. Tanks under tkeir debrent necntes. G Tank outside the city wall. H First Lavatory, erroneously termed the Baptistery. I Second Lavatory, in the great Cloister. K Third Lavatory, opposite to the Infirmary door. Between these two lavatories is the well (14) and the 'great stand-pipe (13). L Cistern (or fbns) in the outer cemetery, for the use of the townsfolk, near which is a second well.. M P i s c i n a , or Fishpond. N the Prior's cistern (fens). 0 the Prior's water-tub (cupa). P the Lavatory under the North Hall (Aula Nova 196 Mr Po:tietts Lodging. (ll. H.) Lo: of Ca.thnes Lodging. (12. H.) TllE CONVENTU.AL BUILDINGS OF THE 11. Hee to have y0 other lodging called Ho.: mors wth y0 gallery att ye doore above and beneath. And ye chapel above and under., and ye orchard inclose4 with stone walls next ye street .square with his lodging. And ye stable with y0 hay house late Mr Daniells. And licence to build a . gallery of tenne yards upon y8 Bi.shop of Dovors garden wall there. 12. Re to have y• lodging in ye late long hall 1 from Mr Deanes lodging to y0 Bishop or Dovors lodging with all manner houses and vaults late in y0 tenure of Mr .Arthur Sentleger. .And a way through ye Gimews!! to bring in wood. And y0 stable betweene Mr. Ponitt and Mr. Parkhurst. 1 In y• yea.re 1545, the yeare before.this division, a decree was made in Chapter" That y• long hall should be pulled downe with speed." 2 This gymewes (or guima.wes) is a. French word eignyfying a. place of Wild Mallowes & such ·a place is this, wayed "into by a doore in y• dark entry under the east end of the Deanes Chapel . .. this is now noe Prebends house but belonga to D• J a.ckson-. by leas~ from the Church. No. IX. EXPLANATION OF PLATES 1, .2, a: Fig. 38 _A.ND Fig. 8. . Roman capitals, from .A. to P, are reserved for the source and tanks of the wate-rworks, in acoordance with those introduced into the copy of the • small No=an drawing (fig. SS). J3ut the scale of the plan we are now considering necessarily excludes the source and tanks outside the ·city wall, from A. to F, and leaves only the tank G, which was .fixed close to it. Tanlcs wnder tltcir different 001nes. "G Tank outside the city woll. • • H First Lavatory, ei.:roneously term~d the Baptisterr, I Second Lavatory, m the great Cloister. . K Third Lo.va.tory, op~site to . the Infirmary door.. 13e~een these two lavatodes is the well (14) and the great'stand•p1pe (13). · L Cistern (or Jons) _in the outer cemetery, for the use of the townsfolk, • near which is a second well . . M M.'. Piscina, or Fishpond. ·N tl;i.e :Prior's cistern (fons). • 0 the Prior's water-tub (cupa). -. • P the Lavatory under the North Hall (Aula Nova). 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P T. 2 " ® ~ " :s s,., ::s _J ~ €.Cl.SS AR I vm ------------- ----- ------- 4,5 qt3EN1ITG4TE st, • nan==== Main, Ifpe. Secondary Pipes. D r a i n , and Waste Pipes. Latin, names on, the origined, drawing or translations of them, are in Roman, atritale, Conjectural, or modern, names ibr epee idwre the. drawing contains none are in, Ratios. SURVEYED. MEASURED & DRAWN BY PROP! R . WILLIS . C1611110214 CEUESIE. CADTTMIR PLAN OF THE BUILDINGS P ,• Dof OtheRY at the PERIOD OF THE NORMAN DRAWING, 1100 as indicated. by the existing remains. The Waterwmits are inserted on the authority of that drawing. ne. Site of t.ke tmon.ry 4(0' 5 0 Seale of Feet PL. 2 TC1211.' Kel Bros Iith Castle St Holborn '' ' ' I I ' l I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 I ' ' I I 'l I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I ,lo~ Q_l.'ll.~IN~TI! ' \ ', ' --==.,.----= Mocin- .P,pt. ', ' ' ' ----Serrn OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 9 7 circle opposite h door, in-passage Kitchen, d f It Brewhouse. k 1 the eastern Stillicidia i n the From t conducts Great (16), Vestiarium (10), surplus passes great Bathhouse. From tv proceeds to Necessarium at x, below surfaCe a. great 1). names and places, Capituum, Herbarium, Refectorium, explanatory sentences. A l l these are original, preserving and letters and lines. I n the old drawing the Vetusta Monumenta,' liberties a added above right-hand i f intended The contractions inscription were expanded, aspects changed, give either aspect west, that may be read twisting, I n south, according aspect elevation over, upon respective building, written in the expanded The shew in Latin .Tnscm:ptions upon the 1orma22, drawing. fishpond Laics' of the Hall. L Eons cimeterio Laicormn. Hie influit Cimeterii, Hie acinam alam do-. mus infirmorum. - :MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 197' Stand-pipes, denoted by a small ci?-cle on the plan lines of the water-pipes. a opposite the Refectory door, in the north alley of the cloister. b within the Refectory iioor, in the vestibule. . • c in·the Jlll,Ssn.ge between Refectory and Kitchen. in .the Kitchen. e in the Larder. in the Bakehouse. g, lt in the :BrewhoUBe. le in the Court. l in the Bath house. m junction of pipes in the north alley of the great cloister. n, :p junctions of pipes in the court. • • g, r rain-water pipes in the angles of t-he north-en.stern transept, termed " Stilliddia" in the Norman drawing. From them the water runs through gratings at s, t respectively, into the long underground drain which conducts the rain-water from the Great Cloister through the Dark Entry or Locutorium at and so under the Vestinrium Infirmary Hall, and Kitchen (9), to w, where it is joined by the pipe which conveys away the surplus water that passes from the great piscina through the Prior's tanks N and 0, and that from the Bathhouse. From w the drain proceeds t-0 the east end of the N ecessariwn n.t .To, and, passing under the range of sedilia, emerges at y, and is conducted northwards below the surface of the court to the city wall, where it opens into the Town ditch at z. Original Inscriptions upon the 91·eat Norman drawing (Plate . These are either simply the names of buildings and places, as Capituum, Herbarium, Refectorium, or e:,:pl,anatory sentences. All these are given in my facsimile exactly as they are 'placed in the original, preserving all the contractions and forms of the letters and lines. In the old engraving of this drawing in the 'Vetusta Monumenta,' great liberties were taken with these inscriptions. Thus, a Title was added above the south or right-hand margin, as if the engraver intended that for the top of the plan. The contractions of the inscriptions were expanded, and their aspects cba~ged, so as to give them either a north aspect or a west, ·that they may be read without twisting the book. In the drawing the inscriptions face east, west, north, or south, nccording to the aspect of the elevation to which they belong. Each name is written over, under, or upon its respective building, with one exception, namely, the Locutorium in the Celerer's Court, which word is w1·itten under the base line of the arcade, 'but i11- tlie opposite aspect. The sentences are expanded and translated in the following list. The figures of reference ehew their position iii the places of the plan, Plate 2, that correspond to those they held 'in the Norman drawing. • Latin Insci~ptions 'll(lJ'a-ii tlte .Nor-ma1i dramng. L Fons in · ci~eterio Laicorum. • 1. Rio infl.uit in piscinam de fonte Cimeteri~ exterioris. • 2. Hie intrat nq,lam. in alam domus iufirmorum. • • • • Translation. Cistern in the Laics' cemetery. Here the water flows into the fMipond from the cistern in the outer or ~cs' cemetery. • Here the water passes into the aisle • of the Infirmary 'Hti.11. . . 198 T H E CONVENTUAL EITUAHNGS OF THE hic exit i n piscinam de eldem Hic piscina NONA Camera Prioris et fons ejus. Porta chniterii juxta Capellam. Cupa de quam fluit aqua necessarium infirmorum. Necessarium Coquina Vestiarium. Hostium Cripte. 12. Via quo ducit ad domum Infir- 1110T11.111. Columna quam ague deftciente, aqua puteo et administrabitur omnibus Puteus. Puteolus ante hostium Loontorii conikunt pluviales qui Claustri est, dirigitur ductus per Infirmorum, contra Hostium Fenestra Hostium Fenestra fercula administrantur. Fenestra per quam ejiciuntur Camera piseis 23. Postica Aulam Novara. here comes i t quits the fishpond, and gasses from which the water flows Infirmary Crypt. Passage Infirmary-. into which, when the of source Locutory the rain-delivered. gutters are fixed turned and conducted passage Infirmary This it and continues i t s course where the portions are fish washed. Kitchen. The following references in Plate indicate places not explained in the drawing. northwards by the covered Hall. 2298.' } Doors' from Loeutory Butteries Celerer's 198 THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS OF THE 3. Et hie exit in piscinam de e1dem ala. 4. Hie exit de piscina in fontem Prioris. 5. Nova Camera Prioris et fons 6. Peojrut sa .c •u m·t er .n. J•U Xt . a Ca pe1 1a m. 7. Cupa de quam fl.mt aqua sub necessa.rium infumorum. 8. N eceasarium Infirmorum. 9. Coquina Infirmorum. 10. V estiariu.m. 11. Hostium Cri~te. 12. Via que duc1t ad domum Infirmorum. 13. Columna in quam ductu aque deficiente, potest hauriri aqua. de J?Uteo et administrabitur ommbus officinis. 14. Puteus. 15. Puteolus ante hostium Locu- • torii ad quod confl.uunt aque plu.viales per canalem qu.i per circuitum Claustri est, a quo puteolo dirigitul' ductus pel' viam que ducit ad domum Infirmorum, et deveniens contl'a hostium cripte flectitur extra viam ad dextram. 16. Hostium Locutorii. 17. Feneatra ferrea. 18. Hostium ferreum. 19. Fenestr11. ubi fercula administrantur. 20. Fenestra per quam ejiciuntur scutelle ad lavandum. 21. Camera ubi piscis lavatur. 22. Porta inter Domum Hospitum et Coquinam. 28. Postica juxta .A.ulam N ovam. And here comes out of that aisle, and enters the fishpond. Here it quits the fishpond, and ~>asses to the Prior's cistern. Prior's new camera and cistern. Cemetery gate near the Chapel. Tub from which the water flows under the necessarium of the Infirmary (8). Kitchen of the Infirmary. Vestiary or Treasury (substructure of). Door of the Crypt, Pa.ssn-ge which leads (from the great cloister) to the Infirmary. Stand-pipe into which, when the waters of the source fail, water raised from the well (14) may be poured, and it will be distributed to all the offices. Well. Small cistern (under the pavement?) before the door (16) of the Locutory ; the rain-water delivered into the gutt-ers which are bed round the Cloister garth is turrred into this cistern, and conducted in a drain-pipe under the pasi:age which leads to the Infirmary-Hall. Tl1is pipe, when it comes opposite to the crypt door, is turned to the right, and continues its eou1·se outside the passage. Door of the Locutory. Iron grated window. Iron door. Window where the portions are served out. Window through which the platters are tossed out for washing. Chamber in which :fish is wnshe~U©)~Y & A~t!Hl fBsQ~[t{l@fS w>AILACEQ co111bined with the. PREBENDAL HOUSES & OTHER STRUCTURES e.rt'<'te.cl on th.t> site subsequent to t11e dissolution. ~ Suhs6 m E-1 ~ 1-l 2 /> ~ o_ u A 14 0 R I T h e ..... ---· ...... ·, I '"o '\ of' i \ J.'isci, --\ .. \ _ ~-.. 1'1' G A T H O tr S E S 0 a, k s ~~~~-~---r·---~- V ~====t v' 6 -- Il .l> e "' n, 7 ----._ e ,-.. 0 J, G ~ q, ,-.. ci e <'c "l, .,.. i -a 8 -?- e -L . ~ - ' PALACl: C O l f R T I I 1~ l~ 1·- •• - ---- • I I I ~ L . 87P ~ 86 J / i OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. 1 9 9 30, 31. Passage N.32. W. 34. passage 35) leads Kitchen Court. 35. doorway of that Sheds 37. Ancient Slype transept Lanfranc s This 16), 38. 39. Stone enable Gateway skews along boundary impressed name 43. Entrance-Postern Site Queningate. PLATE 3. .Plan th,e the the present century. parts block-Cathedral; Roman numerals the prebendal gardens, as Elizabeth; and Arabic Cathedral. The B Tower Tower d. E South-east I? North-east turret, South-H Chapel North-west K Central Angel M South • Western P List References to the .Plan of the In are included in brackets and marked N ; thus (61 Plan are Original gateway between exterior and interior Cemeteries. Present MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY. 199 80, 81. Passage from the Palace to the Great Cloister. 30. Door to Palace grounds. 81. Door to Cloister at N.W. corner. 82. Door from the Cloister to the Palace grounds at S.W. corner. 33. Door from Cloister to N. transept. . 84. Door from the Cloister to the p11Ssage (34, 36) under the Refectory, which lends to the Kitchen Court and Green Cou.rt. 85. North doorwa.y oftbat passage. 36. Sheds in the Herbarium built against the wall of the Dormitory. 87 . .Ancient Slvpe or Locutory between the Chapter House and t1·ansept of Lanf1·anc's church. '.!'his was superseded by the Locutory (at 16), which leads direct to the Infirmary cloister. 88. Purgatorium or scouring-pipe to the supply-pipe of the cistern L, in the outer cemetery. 89. Do. for the cistern itself. 40. Stone block by the side of the cistern, to enable pails to be dipped into it. 41. Gateway between the exterior and interior Cemeteries. 42. The Norman drawing shews a row of trees alon~ the boundury wall, which are evidently "the Oaks" which have unpressed their no.me on that part of the Precinct. 48. Entrance-gates to the Prior's grounds and Infirmary offices. 44. Postern in the wall of the Precinct. 45. Site of Q,ueningate. PLA.TE 8. P lan of tke Remains of tlie Buildings in tke p1•es- cmg eao ot er 4.-8 and 49 6. First-floor plan of tl1e snme buildings J between • 7. Elevation of ea.rt ~f the south side of the Infirmary cloister opp. 60 8. Present cond1tion of the Hagios.copic chamber from without 69 9. Section of that c'bamber ·1 72 10. Plan of that chnmber . G?•eat, seconil, and, thil,•d IJo'l'mitory (or Necessai-iitm). 11. Junction of the Necessarium with the great Dormitory . . 83 12. Plan of the second aud third Dormitories and adjacent buildings . . . , . . . opposite 85 13. Section of second and third-Dormitory opposite 87 14. Subvaults of third Dormitory . 86 16. Arched recesses of second Dormitory 91 16. View of the Oheker building, with the Norman east alley of the IofirrPari cloister, and the remains of the " Camera, vetus P ·rioris' . . . . . . . . . opposite 101 17. Double archway in the Prior's entry (at 0, Fi". 12), carrying the north wall of the Cheker building O • 103 18. Block J>llln of the "New Lodgyng," the present Deanery . . 110 19. Elevation of the inside face of the wall . . } 20. Plan of the Celerer's Lodging at the west side of the opposite 115 great Cloister . . . . . . . Pentise Gatelwuse and appenil,ages. 21. Ground plan of the Pentise Gatehouse 22. First floor of the Pentise Gatehouse • J 127 28, Inserted corbel and vault . . • . . . . . 128 24. Longitudinal section of the northern part of the gatehouse and upper chambers (from A to B), Fig. 21, shewing the elevation of the Pentise and construction of the wooden north gable, added in front of tho original Norman portal at the end of the fourteenth century . . . 129 25. Section of the Oriel vice-turret 1 l 3l 26. Plan of the Oriel vice-turret . • . . . . J 27. Elevation of north gable of the Pentise Gatehouse, on the line 0, D, Fig. 21, witli the frame of the added wooden gable. The 206 MONASTERY OF CHRIST CHURCH I N CANTERBURY. Fig. P a g e plastered . . . . 137 Section . . . . . Pentise Gatehouse, Palace shewing 25, . . . . . . . . . . .139 South Gatehouse, . . . opposite Plan appendages, scale . . . . . 144 Porch of the Bracinum," 161 33. Facsimile Waterworks, . . . . opposite 161 Nos. scale original, and, that, divided into two Plan Norman Plan present Priory 206 MONASTERY O.F CHRIST CHURCH IN CANTERBURY, Fig. Pago p1ast.ered front (D, E, Fig. 24) of that gable and its windows are, in the drawing, supposed to be removed in order to shew the remains of the Norman window behind it . . . . 187 28. Section of the Pentise at F, E, Fig. 21 . . . . . 137 29. Pentiae Gat.ehouse, viewed from the Palnce ground, showing the long roof and northern extremity of the Heaven chamber, with the oriel-like projections of the vice-turret (Figs. 26, 26) of the Gatehouse . . . . . . . . . . l39 30. South gable and open archway of the Pentise Ga.tehoUBe, with the remains of the Convent kitchen . . . . opposite 139 31. Plan of the Court Gatehouse and appendages, on the same scale as that of the Pentise gatehouse, Fig. 21 . . . . . 144, 32. Porch of'the " Braoinum,'' on the north side of the Green Court 151 83. Facsimile of the smaller Norman drawing of the W at.erworks, on a scale of half the original . . . . . opposite 161 Plate 1. Nos. 1 and 2. Facsimile of the great Norman drawing, on the scale of the original, and, like that, divided into two sheets. Plate 2. Plan of the buildings of the Priory of Christchurch at the period of the Nor man drawing. Plate 3. Plan of the present century remains of the buildings of the Prio1y and Archbishop's Palace.