Feet of Fines in the reign of Richard II
KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND ITS ACCOMPLISHMENTS ON KENT FEET OF FINES
By Keith Griffiths.
Lambert Larkin in his articles on Kent feet of Fines186 said that:
“The earliest evidences which we have, after Domesday, [of the alienations and descent of lands and manors, and the genealogy of our leading families from the earliest times] are the Pipe Rolls, which commence with the reign of Henry
II. The next, in order of time, are the Plea Rolls and Pedes Finium, which begin in the reign of Richard I. When we reach the reigns of John and of Henry III., our materials become more abundant; we then have great resources in the Close and Patent Rolls, the Fine Rolls, the Memoranda Rolls, the Inquisitions post Mortem, etc. etc.”
Concerning the reigns of Henry II, the early years of Richard I and John, Larkin has this to say:
“From the seventh year of King Richard I only, is there any large collection of documents of this class extant, or anything which can be called a consecutive series of them. From that time to the present day, the series may be said to be unbroken; not but that some Fines which once no doubt existed cannot now be produced, and there are, perhaps, a few years, such as the two last years of the reign of John, in which, either no Fines were levied, or the record of them has wholly perished. But so many remain of the seventh of Richard I., and of almost every year from that time downward, that we may justly speak of possessing a series of documents of this class from the seventh of Richard I. to the present time."
Archaeological Cantiana, vol 1, p. 217 and p. 279.
From a preface to the "Pedes Finium" edited by him under the direction of the Commissioners of the Public Records.
550
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Larkin provided abstracts of fines for Richard I which were incorporated into the calendar edited by Irene Churchill. However, contrary to what Larkin says, there are other published works on Fines starting with Henry II but it is not clear whether they include any from Kent. Viz.
Vol. 1, 1894, Feet of Fines in the Public Record Office of the reign of Henry II and of the first seven years of the reign of Richard I. Pipe Roll Society Vol. 2, 1896,
Pedes finium de regno Regis Richard I. One that does contain Kent is:
“Calendar of Kent Feet of Fines to the end of Henry VIII's reign”, by I. Churchill, R Griffin and F W Sandman, Kent Archaeological Society, Kent Records, volume 15, (1956)
No study of Kent Fines would be complete without reference to everything that Lambert Larkin has written. His research is rich and informative and can be found in Archaeological Cantiana, vol 1, p. 217 and p. 279.
All the other known information on Fines has been included in the table below:
KENT FEET OF FINES
PROGRESS OF ABSTRACTION AND PUBLICATION
The original Feet of Fines are located at the The National Archives (TNA) at Kew. They are in Latin to 1733 except for the Commonwealth period (1649-1660).
When this is completed, TNA will have to be visited to translate / abstract the remainder of the Latin Fines and abstract the English ones from the original documents. An alternative and preferred option is to take images of the Fines and do the work away from TNA.
It is fortunate that Houston University, under the auspices of the
CKS TR 465/1
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Anglo-American Legal Tradition (AALT), is undertaking the imaging of Medieval and Early Modern documents at TNA, which include some Feet of Fines. Unfortunately, following an email exchange with Professor Robert Palmer who is in charge of the AALT project, it is doubtful whether they will obtain any more images of fines than those shown below.
NB1 The item marked # denotes that it is not clear whether Kent Fines are included
NB2 Divers Counties (Kent and other counties in the same fine) are in course of preparation for the monarchs from Edward III to Henry VII
NB3 The entries in italic are fines still to be published
NB4 Duncan Harrington adds that the Pipe Roll Society covered fines from 1182 to 1198 in Vol xvii (1894), Vol xx (1896) and Vol xxiii (1898, reprinted 1929), and fines from 1198 to 1199 in Vol xxiiiv (1900, reprinted 1929). And the Record Commission published fines from 1195 to 1214; counties B-C are in Vol 1 and counties C-D are in Vol II. Moreover that the Faversham Borough fines which have survived from 1295 have been published in KAS New Records Series Volume 3 parts 7-9 (2002). Also early fines are to be found in the assize rolls and manor records.
Monarch Regn
al year s
Years of reign
Regnal years of AALT
images
Progress Publications
Henry II 1-35 1154-
1188
Publishe d
# Vol. 1, 1894,
Feet of Fines in the Public Record Office of the reign of Henry II and of the first seven years of the reign of Richard I. Pipe Roll Society
552
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Richard I
1-10
1189-
Publishe
Arch. Cant. Vol I
1198
d
by Lambert
Larkin. Viz. Temp
and regnal years
7-10, indexes,
errata and
addenda
John
1-18
1198-
Publishe
Arch. Cant. Vols.
1216
d
II-VI by Lambert
Larkin. Years 1-17
only. See Larkin's
statement above
John
1-18
1199-
Publishe
“Calendar of Kent
Henry III
1-57
1216
d
Feet of Fines to
1216-
the end of Henry
1272
VIII's reign”, by I.
Churchill, et al,
KAS, Kent
Records, volume
15, (1956)
Edward I
1-35
1272-
Abstrac
Abstracts are at
1307
ted but
CKS in box 2 of
not
TR465/1
publish
ed
Edward II
1-20
1307-
Publishe
Abstract of the
Edward III
1-7
1327
d
Feet on Fines for
1327-
Kent from I
1334
Edward II to 7
Edward III
(abstracts 1-250)
in Arch. Cant.
vols. XI-XV, XVIII
and XX by J.
Greenstreet
Edward III
8-51
1334-
50-51
Not
Digital images
1377
abstract
obtained by
ed
Duncan
Harrington
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Richard II
1-23
1377-
1-23
Publishe
1399
d
Henry IV
1-4
1399-
1-4
Not
Henry IV
5-14
1403
1403-
5-6
abstract ed
Abstract
1413
ed
Henry V
1-10
1413-
Abstract
1422
ed
Henry VI
1-39
1422-
Abstract
1461
ed
Edward IV
1-10
1461-
Abstract
Henry VI
40
1470
ed
Edward IV
(49)
1470-
10-
1471
23
1471-
1483
Edward V
1
1483-
Abstract
1483
ed
Richard III
1-3
1483-
Abstract
1485
ed
Henry VII
1-24
1485-
1-24
Abstract
1509
ed
Henry VIII
1-38
1509-
Publishe
1547
d
KAS – Kent Records, New Series. Volume 4,
Parts 4-9 Not at CKS but regnal years 1-4
are at AALT
In preparation by Duncan Harrington
In preparation by Duncan Harrington http://www.medie valgenealogy.org. uk/fines/kent.sht
ml http://www.medie valgenealogy.org. uk/fines/kent.sht ml
http://www.medie valgenealogy.org. uk/fines/kent.sht ml http://www.medie valgenealogy.org. uk/fines/kent.sht ml http://www.medie valgenealogy.org. uk/fines/kent.sht ml
KAS – Kent Records, New Series. Volume 2,
Parts 1-4, and 5 (index)
554
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Edward VI
1-7
1547-
Publishe
KAS –Kent
1553
d
Records, New
Series. Volume 4,
Parts 1-2
Jane
1
1553-
Publishe
Reigned for 14
1553
d
days; probably
subsumed in
Phillip & Mary
Mary
1-2
1553-
Publishe
KAS – Kent
1554
d
records, New
Series. Volume 2,
Part 2
NB Title of this
part just says
Edward VI
Phillip
1-5
1554-
Publishe
KAS – Kent
&
1558
d
Records, New
Mary
3-6
Series. Volume 4,
1555-
Parts 3-4
1558
Elizabeth
1-45
1558-
Not
I
1603
abstract
ed
James I
1-23
1603-
Not
1625
abstract
ed
Charles I
1-24
1625-
Not
1649
abstract
ed
Common
1649-
Not
wealth
1660
abstract
ed
Charles II
12-
1660-
Not
37
1685
abstract
ed
James II
1-4
1685-
Not
1688
abstract
ed
Interregn
5
1688-
Not
um
1689
abstract
ed
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
William &
1-6
1689-
Not
Mary
6-14
1694
abstract
William III
1694-
ed
1702
Anne
1-13
1702-
Not
1714
abstract
ed
George I
1-13
1714-
Not
1727
abstract
ed
George II
1-34
1727-
Not
1760
abstract
ed
George III
1-60
1760-
Not
1820
abstract
ed
George IV
1-11
1820-
Not
1830
abstract
ed
William IV
1-7
1830-
Not
1837
abstract
ed
LOST SANDWICH MUSTER RECORDS AND OTHER RECORDS
by Duncan Harrington
Introduction
These transcripts are in a bound volume all written in the same hand, a sample page from this volumes following this introduction. As yet the transcriber has not been identified so I would welcome any suggestions from identified examples.
In 1551 in Kent the office of lord lieutenant was created to answer the needs of an unstable regency under Edward VI.189 To put the sheriff in charge of the militia when he was only appointed on an annual basis would not make for continuity. The value of the change, which originally arose from an emergency, soon became apparent. In practice, although not in theory, he took precedence over the sheriff. The problem was to decide who was to be
Taken from Faversham Tudor & Stuart Muster Rolls, Faversham Hundred Records Volume 3 by Patricia Hyde and Duncan Harrington (2000).
556
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
answerable for raising and training the county militia and keeping them in a state of readiness to suppress rebellions or invasion. The post of sheriff was an annual royal appointment from a wide field of candidates. In 1549, troops intended by Protector Somerset to be used against the Scots were diverted to quell a rebellion in the south-west. Thus in the same year the Protectors, first Somerset and then Northumberland, appointed special officers to keep order and, if necessary, to use force. Sir Thomas Cheyne was chosen for Kent and Canterbury. Two years later, in 1551, Cheyne was appointed Lord Lieutenant, and again in 1552 and 1553.
Under Mary, the problem for the Crown of local gentry having control of military preparations became apparent. In March 1558, when she was fast losing the loyalty of her subjects, she appointed as lord lieutenant a friend, Sir Henry Jerningham, master of the horse, who had only a band of retainers and a few lands in North Kent to offer. His nomination provoked instant opposition, from the lord warden of the Cinque Ports, still Sir Thomas Cheyne, and from the boroughs of Rochester and Canterbury, both enraged by his infringement of their military privileges. The majority of county magistrates refused to co-operate with him at all. There was no way that Jerningham could force the gentry to support him, as he explained in plaintive letters to the Privy Council.190 Thomson says, “The Tudors had a favourite and short method of dealing with such questions, and the disputants were curtly advised to settle their differences amiably if they could, but anyhow to settle them unless worse things should befall them.”191
The English monarchy had never possessed a permanent, paid, professional force and only rarely had foreign mercenary soldiers been used on English soil. There was a long-standing national dislike of standing armies even before the formation of the New
P. Hyde and M. Zell, Governing the County, chap 1 in Early Modern Kent 1540-1640, ed. M. Zell, Kent History Project Vol. 5, (Boydell & Brewer, 2000), p.25.
G. Scott Thomson, The Twysden Lieutenancy papers 1583-1668, Kent Records Vol. X, (1926), p. 6 quoting Acts of the Privy Council, 31 March 1558.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Model Army in the seventeenth century. Furthermore, there was a fear of public disorder if the civilian population were to be armed. In 1558, two very important acts, together now called the Arms Act, were passed, and from that date onwards there was a stream of orders about the conduct of the militia. The 1558 Act laid down a graduated scale of arms contributions from all temporal persons in ten bands, and provided the administration to enforce these provisions. The act said that those with a reputed income of £1,000 a year were to provide six horses for men-at-arms carrying the shorter lances used in battle, (demi-lance); ten geldings equipped with armour and weapons (light-horse); 40 corslets; 40 almain rivets; 40 pikes; 30 longbows each with a sheaf (24) arrows; 30 skulls or steep caps; 20 black bills; 20 hackbuts and 20 morions or sallets. At the other end of the scale were gentleman, knights and esquires, and substantial yeoman farmers who came within the landed income of £5 and £10 a year, the lowest band. They were required to supply one almain rivet, one bow with arrows, a steel cap and a bill. A similar tariff applied to those assessed on their moveable goods.
Hassell Smith quoting the Act says of clause v, “the inhabitants of every city, borough, town, parish and hamlet within this realm, other than such as are specifically charged before in this Act, shall ... find ... and maintain, at their common charges and expenses, such harness and weapon and as much thereof as shall be appointed by the commissioners for the musters,” 192 Whilst Faversham does not seem to have suffered quite as much as many parochial armouries at the hand of the ever changing parish constable, it no doubt suffered some neglect as appears from the various entries relating to its repair and cleaning.
When the orders came down from the Privy Council, commissioners were appointed. The musters were held on two days - one to show
A. Hassell Smith, ‘Militia Rates and militia statutes 1558-1663’, The English Commonweath 1547-1640 Edt. P. Clark, A. G. R. Smith & N. Tyacke, (1979), p. 97.
558
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
the equipment and the second to show that matters had been put right. The main difference between royal armies and the militia was who paid for them. In the case of the latter, expenses had to be met by the parishes whose constables levied a rate for the purpose on the more substantial householders. The men of the militia were paid 8d a day and were not expected to serve outside the county except in the event of an enemy landing or a serious civil disturbance. A man could suffer a fine of 40 shillings or ten days imprisonment for non-appearance. It took three days for a muster throughout the country - one day to go, one to muster and one to return. It was a great social event in the locality and the second week in July was considered a good choice because it was between hay-making and harvest. It is interesting that even in times of national emergency, the musters never quite lost the air of popular pageantry. Those that went abroad, voluntarily or as pressed men, had to be paid maintenance by the Crown.
Whilst many county returns for that year have survived, Kent is not amongst them.194 The Duke of Alba’s success in the Netherlands helped to persuade “the English government to indulge in a few well applied pin-pricks against Spanish and Catholic power - a little help for the Huguenots at La Rochelle; tacit approval for the seamen who joined the Dutch and French privateers in the Channel and then in November, the seizure of the payships.”195
The 1569 muster lists amongst the state papers provide details of those assessed that year to provide horses, armour, and weapons as well as those able to serve in person. The lists categorize those serving as archers, billmen, pikemen and harquebusiers and later lists shows the pioneers, labourers able to wield a pick and shovell
A. Plowden, Danger to Elizabeth, (1974), p. 91.
J. Gibson & A. Dell, Tudor & Stuart Muster Rolls.
J. H. Elliott, Europe Divided 1559-1598, (1971), p. 172.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
and carters to carry the equipment. It was in 1569 that we get details of the parish or town armouries. Even by 1569 almost every parish had its small contingent of harquebusiers and their number crept up proportionally over the years, though rarely outnumbering the bowmen throughout the century.
By then, the government realized that the militia needed reform. As Hassell Smith says, the 1558 Arms Act created tensions and contradictions within militia administration ‘once the Elizabethan Council began to organize the trained bands and to demand that they be equipped with modern weapons and regularly instructed in their use.’ The Act ‘had been carefully drawn up to ensure that a person provided private arms through lay subsidies or parish arms through rates, but it did not specify how this was to be done’. In other words, who was to pay for the weapons and training?
He goes on to say out that ‘the failure to devise an equitable rating system produced a sense of grievance which undermined militia efficiency’. The act did not stipulate procedures for assessing and levying private arms contributions. Militia administrators therefore had to base their assessments upon the subsidy books, when the subsidies were declining, inflexible and out of date. This led to double rating for administrative simplicity. ‘In short, a captain or his muster commissions, faced with a shortfall of private arms could recoup these losses by raising the contributions of parish arms. Hence the frequent complaints from the queen and her councillors that the poorer sort were overburdened while the rich avoided realistic contributions’. So, it is no surprise to hear that the parochial armour was frequently lost, sub standard and in a state of
Lindsay Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia, (1967), pp 90-91.
560
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
disrepair. By the 1590’s constables were meeting with widespread refusal to pay these rates.’197
Shakespeare on archery practice;
Maria: Wide o’ the bow-hand! I’ faith your hand is out. Costard: Indeed, ‘a must shoot nearer , or he’ll ne’er hit the clout.
Boyet: An if my hand be out, then belike your hand is in. Costard: Then she will get the upshoot by cleaving the pin.199
Grimley also quotes an Elizabethan manuscript but doesn’t specify the source.” Captains and Officers should be skilful of that most noble weapon; and to see that their soldiers, according to their draught and strength, have good bows, well nocked, well stringed, every string whippe in their nock, and in the myddes rubbed with wax - braser201 and shutting glove - some spare strynges trymed as aforesaid; every man one sheaf of arrows, with a case of leather, defensible against the rayne, and in the same fower and twentie arrows; whereof eight of them should be lighter than the residue, to
Hassell Smith, pp. 94-100.
William Boys, Collections for an History of Sandwich (1792) p. 671.
Love’s Labour’s Lost, Act 4. Scene 1, line 126.
G. Grimley, The Book of the Bow, (London, 1958), p. 84.
Bracer see glossary.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
gall or astoyne the enemy with hail-shot of light arrows, before they come within danger of the harquebus shot.”
There were other rapid developments in offensive weapons, methods of training and strategy and tactics. Besides an assortment of swords and daggers which many Tudor men carried for self-defence, all men were expected to be proficient in the use of a particular military weapon. It was at first reckoned that gentlemen fought with pikes, the humblest men with firearms, the clumsiest with bills, and blockheads with pick and shovell as pioneers. Nonetheless, providing the equipment must have been a heavy burden for the townsmen. For instance, a pikeman, who was the heaviest individual, had to fight at close quarters, so he needed body protection. He had an 12 to 18 foot pole made of ash tipped with metal and also a sword and dagger. He wore a corslet, which was a metal shell round the body, with pouldrons, vambraces and tassets (metal plates protecting the shoulders, arms and thighs) and gauntlets. His headpiece was a steel cap or morion well stuffed for comfort, which was tied with a scarf under the chin. All this had to be provided by individuals.
The halberd was shorter at 7-8ft and had a metal point like a pike but also the axe shape of a bill which was between 6-7 ft. Originating from agricultural and hedging implements (axes,
562
scythes, bills) mounted on poles, pole- arms were used by the infantry throughout 11th to 18th centuries, becoming steadily longer and more elaborate. Most included a point for thrusting, a heavy blade for cutting and a rear spike or hook for dragging horsemen from their saddles, and long steel straps or langets from the head down the shaft to prevent the head being lopped off. The hackbut (hakenbüchse) was the first firearm that could be said to be aimed. The long tube was fitted to a wooden stock from which projected a hook or lug, which could be rested on a wall or other cover to absorb the recoil. After the invention of the slow match the
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
addition of a simple device, an S-shaped lever on the side of the stock, to carry the lighted match to the touch hole, the serpentine, brought about the development of the matchlock musket.
The stock gradually developed a downward curve and by 1530 reached its characteristic form known as a (h)arquebus. “The barrel, up to forty inches long and weighing anything up to twenty pounds, was so heavy that it was impossible to hold the weapon steady enough to aim. The musketeer overcame this problem by means of an ash staff mounted by a U shaped holder. With this rest he could prop up the barrel and so take aim.”202 The Sandwich lists show mostly the caliver, a smaller and lighter version of the harquebus.
Shakespeare must have seen the London trained bands at drill at Mile End. John Stow mentioned in his Survey of London that it was a popular pastime for the citizens to watch them.
Falstaff; Put me a caliver into Wart’s hand.
Bardolph; Come, manage me your caliver. So: very well: go to: very good; exceeding good. O, give me always a little, lean, old, chapt, bald shot. Well said, I’ faith, Wart; thou’rt a good scab: hold, there’s a tester for thee.
It is important to remember that the phrase ‘trained band’ meant a band that was to be trained, not a band that had been trained. In fact, the training was both infrequent and inadequate. It was the need to instruct the captains that was the basic and most frequent explanation of what was wrong with the militia system. As Hale put it, “Thinly scattered among the rustic manors of England were men who had fought the Scots at Solway Moss and Pinkie, had vainly defended Calais and won and lost Boulogne. But there were not enough of them to pass on their experience to the militia.”204 Instructions have survived for other Cinque Ports about where to meet and how to train and in 1585 it was also laid down how many
F. Wilkinson, Small Arms, (1966), p. 15.
Henry 1V, part 2, Act III, scene 2; John Stow, Survey of London, (1720), Vol 2, pp. 451-7.
J. R. Hale, On a tudor parade ground the captain’s handbook of Henry Barrett 1562, The Society for Renaissance Studies, Occasional papers No. 5, (London, 1978), p. 2.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
barrels of powder should be held in readiness by each town. In particular a training manual for 1599, issued by Henry Cobham, has survived amongst the Faversham records205 The muster master was responsible for selecting not only the right men for the job, in the right proportion, but also to see that they were properly trained. Ideally they were advised to have equal proportions of armed pikemen and shot, the latter to have greater portion of harquebus to muskets. It was suggested that the strongest and best should be pikemen and the strongest and squarest fellow to carry muskets, and the fastest and nimblest should be trained in the harquebus. The instructions then proceed to show how the company was to be divided into squadrons and files and set forth the duties of the corporal and lance-corporal; lanspesadoe, as it was anciently written, or as it is given in the Oxford English Dictionary lancepesade or lanceprisado.206
Having divided the men into manageable units, the aim was then to teach them how to carry and use their arms, march in formation and change position in an orderly manner. This was to be achieved either by the sound of the drum or the voice of a commander. In the case of the drum, not only was it used to help the soldiers keep pace but also to march slower or faster, and the commands were suggested as those “which we used in training and disciplining Her Majesty’s Army at Plymouth”. Ex-soldiers will be amused to see parallels between the modern ‘square bashing’ with the suggestions given in this manual. It not un-naturally suggests that it would be better that the same words of command were used throughout the kingdom rather than breed confusion.
After dealing with the pike, the manual then turned to the shot. The sergeants of companies were responsible for training the soldiers in how to use the weapons and when to fire. The comments on giving volleys, condemning the ancient practice of giving a whole volley by battalion, makes it sound a very dangerous exercise - ‘for either the hindmost must venture to shoot their fellows before, through their heads or else will overshoot’. As is pointed out, this single volley allowed the enemy to attack without risk whilst an orderly volley by ranks was much more effective . The captain was to be at the head of the troop and the lieutenant at the rear and in retreat they reversed position. Whilst the need for proper instruction handbooks
CKS:Fa/CPm 8, 17, 26, 27, 34
A non-commissioned officer of the lowest grade; a lance corporal.
564
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
The Cinque Ports musters differed from most other places because the commissioners under the lord warden had centuries of experience in dealing with ship service and because mariners were included. In 1590, Thomas Fane, acting on behalf of the Lord
J. R. Hale, op. cit., p.8: citing Sir Clement Edmondes, The maner of our moderne training, or tacticke practise, and The military discipline ... to be exercised in musters, (1623) on the engraved title page and the printed title page, The military art of training, and is dated 1622.
W. Urry, ‘Home Guard for Canterbury, 1588’ Good Books, (Summer 1947), pp. 2-5. He suggested 1588 but this is probably May 1584, S. P. Dom. Eliz. Vol. 170 no. 85 III ‘An order for training of shot without any waste or great expense of powder.’
F. Wilkinson, Small Arms, (1966), p.15.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Warden, William Cobham, sent strict instructions to the masters, subofficers, mariners and gunners of the Cinque Ports to muster and not to be out of the way on pain of death.
These muster rolls can with care be constuctively used by local and family historians. They cannot easily be used to work out population figures because they only consider men aged between
16 and 60. Unlike some other Cinque Port towns the Sandwich returns are arranged by wards. Unfortunately it seems that the detailed description of the boundaries of these wards has not survived amongst the Sandwich records.
Queen Elizabeth knew of the intention of the Spanish long before the Armada. sailed. Sir George Carey, the Governor of the Isle of Wight, wrote to Sir Francis Walsingham, the Secretary of State,210 telling him that on 30 January 1574 the master of a ship just returned from Lisbon, a man “seeminge to be bothe sober, discrete and of reasonable judgement”, declared that “great preparation be in hande for arminge a navie this sommer to the sea ffive gallies to be upon the stockes whereof one excedethe in bignes anie heretofore made by the halfe”, and “that the Kinge determinethe in persone to go this intended voyage with an armie of manye thousands of menne”, the design being “to accomplishe some acceptable service to God for the subversion of religion in England, and that the plott was laid that all his Biscayens should lande at Milforde; the Kinge about Southampton; the French Kinge at that instant to proclaime warre against us and to enter by Scotlande ioyninge with the Scottish forces to invade us.” In ‘The Annals of the Town and Port of New Romney’ is an account of the beacons tended by the inhabitants of New Romney.211 It was a heavy responsibility to be in charge of beacons. Lambarde in 1576 published a Perambulation of Kent, which included a chapter and map on beacons in Kent. He was accused of giving away information to the enemy but rebutted the charge.212 He marked 52 beacon sites and in clear weather any warnings of approaching danger by sea would be very rapidly flashed from one end of the country to the other, and London would soon be aware of any threat of landing on any part of the Kent coast.
A Scottish Jesuit arrested in May 1582 was found to carry a letter
S.P.Dom. 167 (53).
Arch. Cant. Vol. XLI.
Lambarde, 1576, p.22.
566
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
written in Italian referring to the proposed invasion of England, the first attempt since the Norman Conquest, and to the deposition of the Queen. There is still preserved the attorney general’s own notes about the proposed invasion dated 1583.213 Further reports were received from various quarters backing up earlier intelligence.214 5,000 men were to be ready in Kent in 1583 and Elizabeth sent instructions to the muster masters to inspect and train the men.215 In 1584 a certificate of the Ablemen and armour in the Cinque Ports shows a total of Able caliver men 1,701, calivers 1,555, able pikemen 509, corslets 385, able archers 219, bows and arrows 384, demilances 1. The Cinque Ports also had to furnish light horse 50, light horsemen 50, halbards with mur. (sic) swords and daggers 250, halbert men 215, black bills 984, bill men 240,
labourers or pioneers 826, shipwrights 23.216
We should have it at the back of our minds that around this time, as well as being concerned with the militia, the town was starting to get its ships ready for service for the Cinque Ports. The muster regulations were tightened up in about 1585 at the serious threat of danger. In 1585 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, ordered that no horse or gelding was to be transported abroad without special licence. Owners and master of ships were to give a bond for good behaviour. Two years later, the lord warden ordered two of the jurats in each town to watch in person every night.217 In May 1586, Drake had given “a cooling” to King Philip by capturing 20 Spanish ships with 250 brass pieces.218 Burghley wrote from Richmond to the deputy lieutenants of counties on 10 October 1586 directing that all the musters should be at full strength and prepared. In November they were to have in readiness 20,000 footmen, 3,000 horsemen, and 1,000 pioneers. Thomas Churchyard, the poet, was muster master for the county of Kent.
Because it was expected that a landing would take place in Kent,
S. P. Dom. Eliz. Vo1. 153 No. 79.
S. P. Dom. 185 (16), 187 (81) & BL. Harl. Mss. 295 fo. 178
29 Dec 1583 the privy council to the commissioners for musters “for putting of some men in readiness in certain of the maritime counties” S. P. Dom. Eliz. Vol. 164, nos. 72-74; April 1584 “A minute of instructions for the muster masters by her majesty specially appointed to take a view of the able men, armour and weapon put in a readiness within the said county and to train the shot and soldiers in the use of their several weapons etc. S. T. Dom. Eliz. Vol.
170. No 65.
Manuscript Book of Musters 1588 fol. 52, Historical Manuscripts Commission, 15th report Appendix part V: Manuscripts of the Rt Hon F. J. Savile Foljambe of Osberton (London, 1897)
C. 8550
CKS:Fa/CPm 28 & 29.
S.P.Dom. 189 (23).
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
6,000 men were assembled in a camp at Sandwich219 under Captain John Warde, a veteran who had served at the capture of Boulogne in the reign of Henry VIII.220 The county also raised 2,000 men under Sir Thomas Cecil to form an army for the defence of Her Majesty’s person,221 and sent lances and light horse to London.222 By June 27, Kent had contributed 4,000 foot under Colonels Sir Robert Sidney (brother of Sir Philip) and Sir Edward Moore, 64 lances, 330 light horse, 263 harquebuses, 84 petronels and 1,077 pioneers.223 A further 4,824 foot remained in county defence reserves at Canterbury and Maidstone.224
A note survives of the captains’ names in Kent in April 1588 when the Spanish invasion was hourly expected.225 Other local preparations in Kent are recorded in Archaeologia Cantiana.226 In 1588 a camp was formed at Northbourne to watch the coast and to prevent a landing of the Spaniards upon the flat shore between Deal and Ramsgate. To the camp flocked the several companies that formed the East Kent Battalion, Canterbury contributing two hundred men led by Alderman Brome, whose namesake commanded the band sent to reinforce Edward IV in 1470. The Canterbury contingent consisted chiefly of bowmen and billmen, the latter armed with weapons and corslets served out from the Guildhall; but besides these were twenty “trayned shott” or “calyver men” who in skill and appointments approached the soldier of the present day. The Walloon “Estrangers”, who had settled in the city some twenty years before, took their places in the ranks with their English fellowcitizens, cheered by the rattle of their own Walloon “drumme”. The zeal with which these and other drums were thumped is proved by the appearance, after every muster, of charges for “new heddyng of a drumme”; sometimes two or even three drums required repairing at the same time.” Amongst the expenses connected with the Armada, the Canterbury records show, “To Clarkson the fletcher for suppleng and settyne up of ix bowes and for ix stryngs ijs ixd, To the Wallon drumme toward the relief of
Hist. Mss. Com. Rep. xv App. v. 49: VHC Kent Vol. III p. 804.
Ibid. Hatfield Mss.vi. 34.
Ibid. Rep. xv App. v.46
Ibid. 57.
Ibid. 46.
J. J. N. McGurk, ‘Armada preparations in Kent and arrangements made after the defeat’,
Arch. Cant. LXXXV, (1970), pp. 71-93.
Ibid. 37 ; VCH, Kent, III, p. 37.
J. B. Sheppard, ‘The Canterbury Marching Watch with its Pageant of St. Thomas,’ Arch. Cant. Vol. XII p. 43-44.
568
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
his poore children he beyng from home in the campe so wylled by Mr Maior ijs”
The first real test of the Kent beacon system came in July 1588 when the Spanish Armada came up the channel. When the Spanish fleet was sighted off Brittany in May 1591 the beacons in Kent were once again manned. Up to 1640 the beacon system was kept in good repair but after that was allowed to decay, although they were reinstated in 1745 and 1804. The duties of the lieutenant for Kent in the 16th century proved to be onerous. Lord Cobham as lieutenant and lord warden of the Cinque Ports was able to achieve the compromise so well understood by the Tudors.227 From the Twisden papers we get a glimpse of Lord Cobham dealing with the details of raising the local militia in 1595, especially for the Queen’s visit to Sandwich.228 The lathe, and not the hundred, was the unit of administration used by both the sheriff and the lieutenant.229 The justices and the local gentry played an ever increasing part in the organisation, many of them often acting as deputy lieutenants, though only three or four were actually named for each county.230
During the later part of the Elizabethan period, as Hassell Smith says, ‘not the least of Burghley’s and Walsingham’s achievements was the fostering of a tolerably adequate corps of officers, under whom the bands were organised and to some extent trained. Towards 1588 the government attempted to eliminate the older weapons in favour of equal proportions of pikes and shot. Muskets became noticeably more prevalent by the end of the century. The militia was actively mustered in Kent and at the same time men were regularly raised for campaigns overseas. The less desirable elements of society were ‘encouraged’ to join such ventures, thus ensuring that the trained men were retained in the militia and the county armouries were not depleted. Increasingly, however, the Privy Council conscripted men from the trained bands and men from the Essex and Kent trained bands found themselves outside Rouen in 1592. In August 1599, the ‘army of Kent, to be furnished by Kent and Sussex,’ reached the respectable total of 10,000 foot and 680 horse,231 of which Kent itself supplied 6,000.232 Maritime counties
G. Scott Thomson: Lord Lieutenants in the 16th century, pp. 40-41.
CKS: U49 O5/1
CKS: U47/16 O2. In 1509 there were six lathes as the more modern lathe of St Augustine was divided by the existence of a lathe Hedlynge.
op. cit. Thomson, Twysden, p.7.
Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. III, App. 51.
ibid. Rep. XV, App. V, 74.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Lord Wotton succeeded Cobham as lord lieutenant of the county when the latter was attainted in 1603. Wotton was not also made lord warden, the position going to Henry Howard, afterwards Earl of Northampton. In order to avoid the problems of the past, the commission to Lord Wotton extended over the whole county, including the cities of Rochester and Canterbury but not to the Cinque Ports.234 In 1605 the Lord Lieutenant sent a detailed instructions to Sir William Twisden to act as a captain of horse within the lathe of Aylesford and was told how to enrol gentlemen to find light horses.235
The 1558 Arms Act was repealed in 1604. As Hassell Smith points out, ‘all parties agreed about the unsatisfactory state of militia administration under this Act. Nobody disputed the need to devise a system whereby militia captains could draw upon the total wealth and resources of their hundreds. But there agreement ended.’ ‘Its repeal left the Stuart lieutenancy with few realistic coercive powers when confronted with an increasing body of sullen ratepayers.’ Mustering was renewed in 1608 without legal force behind it.. ‘In corporate towns the mayors’ courts abandoned the organization of musters and enforcement of arms assessments.’ Anthony Hill was appointed muster master of the Cinque Ports in 1617.236 Charles I had a scheme ‘for the settling of a perfect militia’ and, as Hassell Smith says, ‘ironically, the ship-money levies of the 1630’s represent the first government-directed moves towards a system of parochial assessments for general militia rates.’ Furthermore, the Council supplanted the deputy lieutenants as ship-money collectors with the sheriffs, who were so successful ‘because of the power concentrated in their hands.’237
However, Western points out that ‘parliament before the civil wars wished to reduce and fix the military obligations of the subject by
For further details of Faversham’s seafaring role see, P. Hyde, Ships & Seamen; Boynton,
pp. 96, 112.
Cal. State Papers Jas. I, 1603-10, p. 64.
CKS: U49/O5/2.
Hassell Smith, pp. 100-101,104-10; CKS:Fa/CPm 19/1, 38, 39.
Hassell Smith, pp. 107-8; Wake,p.124.
570
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
The list of soldiers raised in Kent for Count Mansfield’s expedition in December 1624 is to be found amongst the state papers,239 and their un-organised arrival at Dover caused great problems. 8,000 foot soldiers and some horse descended upon the town which was unable to feed them, so they set about helping themselves, to the great consternation of the community. The Kent trained bands were mustered in August 1625 in response to a perceived threat from the Dunkirkers. And in March 1639, because of the situation in Scotland, the Lord Lieutenant was ordered to alert the trained bands in Kent and for them to be exercised weekly. When on 8 April 1639 1,000 men from Kent were required to rendezvous at Gravesend, it is interesting to note that two parts were to be muskets and only one part pikes, a change in policy from Elizabethan times.240 When the Earl of Essex, commanding the parliamentary forces addressed his officers in 1642 with the following words, he would have been surprised to learn that they became the content of a British Army poster in the second world war. ‘I shall desire every officer by love and affable courage to command his soldiers, since what is done by fear is done unwillingly and what is unwillingly attempted can never prosper.’241 It is very difficult to assess the effects of national and county events in the Commonwealth period upon Sandwich or to be sure of the feelings of the community about what was happening. Whilst Kent was not the scene of major battles, the desperate attempt by the royalists to defend Maidstone on 1 June 1648 may have drawn Sandwich men into the Earl of Norwich’s army, 7,000 of whom were kept in reserve and never fought.242 Thomson has quoted in full the commission of lieutenancy issued to the Earl of Winchelsea, 10 July 1660 and his to Sir Roger Twysden dated 16 July 1660 making him a deputy lieutenant. The memoranda, orders and letters of Sir Roger Twysden for the period 1662-68 provide a wonderful insight into the activity of the militia in the county during this period. There must
J. R.Western, The English Militia in the Eighteenth Century, (1965), p. 10.
PRO: SP 14/178 & 179.
VCH, Kent, iii, pp. 306-07.
E. S. Turner, Gallant Gentlemen: a portrait of the British Officer 1600-1956, (1956), p. 23.
A. Baker, A battlefield atlas of the English civil war, (1986), p. 115, map 51.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
have been similar activity emanating from the lord warden to the Cinque Ports. As Hassell Smith points out, ‘the way had been prepared for the militia acts of 1662 and 1663.’ They settled rivalry between JPs and the lieutenancy about responsibility for military administration by placing it squarely in the hands of lord lieutenants. Western continues, ‘the burden was unequally distributed. The acts of 1662-3 specifically laid extra obligations on certain areas. The Cinque Ports had a militia of their own, and this was to be maintained at its customary strength unless the lieutenancy found cause to reduce it. This involved the inhabitants in a greater liability than they would otherwise have faced, and they were therefore exempt from militia charges in respect of lands lying outside the Ports.’ 243 Western concludes that ‘the militia of the Restoration was thus a force which even on paper had serious deficiencies. In practice, despite bursts of activity in times of crisis, it was foredoomed to waste steadily away into inanition.’ 244
Whilst some of the documents are dated others are not and tentative dates have been shown in brackets taken from William Boys, Collections for a History of Sandwich, (1792), and Charles Wanostrocht, Sandwich Freemen (2006).
Hassell Smith, p. 109; Western, p. 21.
Western, p. 29
572
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
A. An English bill, fifteenth to sixteenth centuries B. Halberd, first half of the sixteenth century. Based on drawings made from
weapons in the Tower of London Armouries GLOSSARY
A
Ableman
Alien
One who is a subject of another country than that in which he resides. A resident foreign in origin and not naturalized, whose allegiance is thus due to a foreign state.
Almain rivets
Ancient
Bearer
The full name of a standard-bearer, an
‘ensign.’
Ar
Archer
Man who shoots with bow and arrow.
Armour
Full armour, from head to foot, was no longer in use except for special occasions such as tilting matches; armour from the thigh upwards was worn by pikemen and lances. But in quotations from contemporary sources
the term often denotes arms and/or armour.
Arrows
Pointed missile shot from bow;
numbered by the sheaf (24).
Artillery
Contemporary usage denoted not ordnance but any missile weapon,
whether firearm or bow.
Assign
Assignatus, appointed (Latin).
Beaver
The lower portion of the face-guard of a helmet, when worn with a visor; but occasionally serving the purposes of
both.
B
Bill and
Obsolete military weapon. A sort of
T. L. Stoate, Dorset Tudor Muster Rolls 1539, 1542 & 1569, (1978), p. xiv.
574
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
black bill
axe-blade of iron, sometimes hooked or
curved, affixed to the end of a long staff.
Borrow [Borough]
Tithing, association of ten neighbouring householders, who were jointly
answerable before the law.
Bors
Borsholder
The chief of a tithing or frankpledge; afterwards a parish officer identical in
functions with the Petty Constable.
Bo
Bow
Weapon for shooting arrows:the 6ft long
bow.
Bracer
A leather guard worn on the bow-arm to protect the arm from accidental blows
by the string.
Borg
Burgonet
A species of close helmet, in which the rim of the helmet was adapted to the upper one of the gorget by hollowing out so as to receive the head of the latter; by this means the head could be
turned to the right or left without exposing the throat.
ca
Caliver
The standard firearm for much of this period, superseding the hackbut and harquebus in the mid-sixteenth century, was itself superseded by the musket in the Thirty Years War. It was about 3.5 feet long, between a harquebus and musket in weight, and fired without a
rest.
cal
fur
Caliver
furnished
Steel Cap
Simple form of helmet.
Carbine
Cavalry firearm, intermediate in size betweenthe musket and pistol,
superseding the dragon in the early seventeenth century.
cors
Corslet
Armour for pike men which protected the upperhalf of the body. Often used by contemporaries to denote the full equipment of armour pike and all
accoutrements. Another name for a breastplate.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
cors
fur
Corslet
furnished
Crep
crepance. Farriery. In 17th c. crepanches, crepances, ad. It. crepacci pl., ‘the scratches, cratches, or rats- tailes in a horse…little chaps or rifts about the cronet of the horses hoofe’ (Florio, 1598), f. crepare to crack, chap:–
L. crepare to crack, etc. A sore or wound on a horse’s foot.
Cuirassiers
Heavy cavalry, superseding the lances
in the early seventeenth century.
Curate
Cuirass: A piece of armour for the body (originally of leather); spec. a piece reaching down to the waist, and consisting of a breast-plate and a back- plate, buckled or otherwise fastened together; still worn by some European regiments of cavalry. The breastplate alone was sometimes called a cuirass, or the two pieces combined were called (a pair of) cuirasses, and the breast- plate a half-cuirass. The word has also been used in a general sense for all kinds of ancient close-fitting defensive coverings for the body, made of leather,
metal, or other material.
Currier
Firearm of similar bore to the
harquebus, with larger barrel, for throwing quarrels, ie short arrows.
Dag
Early form of pistol.
Dagger
Stabbing weapon with short, pointed
blade.
Decimer
One in charge of ten soldiers. See
Fa/CPm 17 fol. 13r.
d at sea
defaulter at sea
Some entries given as ‘def at sea’. However, ‘d not warned’ can only be
defaulter.
Def
Defaulter
Denizen
By restriction: One who lives habitually
576
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
in a country but is not a native-born citizen; a foreigner admitted to residence and certain rights in a country; in the law of Great Britain, an alien admitted to citizenship by royal letters patent, but incapable of inheriting, or holding any public office. One admitted to, or made free of, the privileges of a particular society or fellowship; one who, though not a
native, is at home in any region.
Dragon
Form of cavalry pistol in the earlyseventeenth century, mounted on a swivel in a sling, leaving the rider’s hands free. It was soon replaced by the carbine; also the light horse named
from it - drago(o)ns.
Dromester/
Drumester
Drumster: A player on the drum, a
drummer.
Flax and Touch Box
A box holding the flax or tow match for
firing a caliver or matchlock, cf tinder box for kindling fire.
Gelding
A gelded or castrated horse.
Gent
Gentleman.
Gisarme
A kind of battle-axe, bill, or halberd, having a long blade in line with the
shaft, sharpened on both sides and ending in a point.246
Gorget
A piece of armour for the throat. 247
Glaive or Gleve
A name given at different periods to three distinct kinds of weapons, viz. lance, bill, and sword. The second of these senses seems to be peculiar to English, the others are derived from French; in a large number of passages it is impossible to determine from the context which weapon is intended, esp.
in the case of later writers.
Hackbut
Firearm of the early sixteenth century,
See article by Alan Borg, Journal of the Arms and Armour Society, (1976), Vol. 8, no. 6.
H. Oakes-Jones, ‘The evolution of the Gorget,’ Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research Vol. 1 (1921-22), p. 115 et seq.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
smaller than the harquebus.
H
Halberd, Halbert, Houlbeard
Combining a spear and battle-axe, it consisted of a sharp-edged blade ending in a point and a spear-head mounted on a handle five to seven feet long. Similar to the poleaxe it was the continental
equivalent of the bill used in fighting.
Hanger
A short sword.
Harquebus
Firearm of the mid-sixteenth century, perhaps the first to develop from a
crude to a relatively reliable weapon. About 3ft. long it weighed about 10lbs
Harquebusi ers
Generic term in the mid-sixteenth century for men armed with firearms, whether harquebuses, calivers or even muskets. Later replaced by the term ‘shot’. It should be noted that contemporary terminology was often loose in referring to firearms. Harquebusiers or shot, wore a jacket or morion, replaced c.1660 by a buff
leather coat or a hat.
Harness
A general term for armour. In terms of
military equipment normally consisted of a sallet, jack, gorget and splints.
Horse
The usual contemporary term for cavalry, whether lances, light horse,
petronels, cuirassiers or dragoons.
Ibidem
There (Latin).
Infirmus
Sick, ill (Latin).
Jack
A kind of sleeveless tunic or jacket, formerly worn by foot-soldiers and others, usually of leather quilted, and in later times often plated with iron, fastened together with a trellis work of cord; sometimes applied to a coat of mail or a ‘coat of fence.’ Worn by
harquebusiers and musketeers being a successor to the brigandine.248
See Meyrick in Archæol. xix, p. 224.
578
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Jun
Junior.
Jur
Jurat, one of the town councillors of
Faversham.
La
Labourer
Lance
Heavy cavalry, formerly called men-at- arms, wearing three quarter length armour, high boots and armed with lance (and, by the sixteenth century, pistols), sword and dagger. The animal was no longer barbed, or armoured, but was supposed to have a protective
frontlet and a plated or steel saddle.
Light horse
Light cavalry, armed with pistols and staff; wore light protective armour on the upper body, similar to the
harquebusier.
Mar
Mariner, sailor.
Mason
Worker in stone.
Mr
Master.
Mattock
Tool of pick shape with an edge and a
chisel edge as ends of head.
Militia
Strictly, the term dates only from the late sixteenth century, but it is here used to denote unprofessional citizen forces as opposed to professional
soldiers.
Morion
A kind of helmet, without beaver or visor, worn by soldiers in the 16th and 17th century, with a brim cocked for and
aft and usually with a ridge crest.
Mortuus
Latin for dead.
Mould
A hollow form or matrix for casting
bullets. OED.
Musket
Two meanings: (i) before about 1588 it referred to a swivel-mounted gun used on ships to repel boarders; (ii) by about 1588 the English, following the Spaniards, were using it to mean an infantryman’s handgun. Its barrel was
4.5 feet long; despite its weight, which necessitated firing from a forked rest, it
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
superseded the caliver because of its
power to pierce armour.
OED
Oxford English Dictionary.
Partisan
A military weapon used by footmen in the 16th and 17th century consisting of a long handled spear, the blade having one or more lateral cutting projections,
variously shaped, so as to pass in to the gisarme and the halberd.
Petronel
Form of cavalry pistol, introduced into England in the second half of the sixteenth century; it was of intermediate size between the dag and
the true pistol.
Pioneer
Mil. One of a body of foot-soldiers who march with or in advance of an army or regiment, having spades, pickaxes etc. to dig trenches, repair roads, and to perform other labours in clearing and
preparing the way for the main body.
p
Pike
By the mid-sixteenth century, one of the two main arms of the infantry, the other being the shot. Pikemen were either armed; or unarmed (‘bare’ or ‘dry’); if armed, they wore a corslet and morion; if unarmed, jacks and morions. The pike itself had the staves covered with little
nails; it was 16 to 18 feet long.
Pointmaker
A maker of points of laces (for sails of
ships).
Pole axe
Weapon of war.
Pren
Prentiss
Apprentice OED.
Rivet
A short nail or bolt for fastening
together metal plate.
Sa
Sallet
A light steel cap with a projection behind, extending over the nape of the
neck.
Sel
Selected
for the trained band; after 1573.
Sen
Senior
Senex
Latin for old.
580
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Sheaf
Of arrows.
Shirt
Mail shirt.
Shipwright
Ship builder.
Shot
See harquebusiers.
Shovell
Scooping implement.
Skull
Skullcap.
Spade
Tool for digging and cutting ground.
Spli
Splints
One of the plates or strips of overlapping metal of which certain portions of armour were composed; especially one of a pair of pieces of this nature used for protecting the arms at
the elbows.
Staff
The cavalry spear or lance.
Sug’
Sugeorner
Sojourner, a temporary resident.
Summa
Totalis.
Latin for sum total
Sword
A weapon adapted for cutting and thrusting, consisting of a handle or hilt with a cross-guard, and a straight or
curved blade with either one or two sharp edges and a sharp point
Trained bands
The principle of selection was introduced in 1573, the earliest citation in OED is from William Lambarde’s Perambulation of Kent (written 1570-6) which mentions ‘trained companies’. The earliest citation of ‘trained bands’
given is Sir Henry Cockes in 1594.
Vambrace
Armour for the forearm.
Vintenary
A military officer in command of twenty
men.
Vidua, Widd
Latin for widow.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
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0-L 'I /.,L{ ,41.,,,//,
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..4,..t'/2.e../?...7.- /r,re,,/:L
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582
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
No. 239
The names of the Calyver men apoynted under the governemente of Mr Edwarde Wood, Jurat captain249
1 The Fyrst Warde
26 John Gryffen
Edward Wood, Jurat
4 The Fowerthe Warde
1 Rycharde Chrispe
William Jacobe, Jurat
2 John Swynforde
27 Rycharde Breskoe
3 Mychell Horne
4 Wm Barnes
28 John Clevelands
5 Giles Clarke
29 Walter Halsnode
6 Wm Amwell
30 Rycharde Halsnode
7 John Norris
31 Mathewe Ellett
8 Stephen Brightringe
32 John White
33 Nycholas Bates
2 The Seconde Warde
Roger Manwood, Jurat
5 The Fyvethe Warde
Stephen Rucke, Jurat
9 Peter Plomer
10 Edward Phillipes
34 Robart Kynge
11 John Bentoppe
35 John Dape
12 Christofer Lambe
36 Wm Diersley
13 Thos Wheler, junr
37 John Whaly
14 John Perrey
38 Frances Barnes
15 John Fynall, junr
39 John Hebeing
16 John Botman
40 Wm Harryson
17 Robart Turke
41 Wm Martyn
18 Thos Page
42 Tho Lee
19 Henrye Hussye
43 John Hencham
20 Nycholas Lane
44 Tho Dyxe
45 Tho Whetley
3 The Thirde Warde
46 Ellis Griffen
Rychard Tenche, Jurat
47 Nycholas Francklyn
48 Tho Pyham
21 Abell Goger
49 Gregory Palden
22 Wm Clarke
50 Rychard Whyte
23 Roger Frost
51 Tho Paramour
Edward Wood was mayor in December 1577, 1578 and 1588.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
24 Wm Woodcocke
52 George Wylckes
25 Hugoe Forthe
53 John Hane
54 Danyell Wybrande
89 Henrye Stanye
55 Anthony Hickes
90 Wm Belquithe
56 Giles Jeames
91 Cornellis Grove
57 Audryan Addyson
92 John Snode
58 Thos Frenche
93 John Jackson
59 Wm White
94 Danyell Browne
95 Walter Tuck
6 The Sixt Warde
96 Rycharde Letherlande
Wm Rychardson, Jurat
97 John Forrest
90 Peter Justice
60 Cornellis Frynde
61 John Branderye
8 The Eight Warde
62 Henrye Rables
Mathewe Wynis, Jurat
63 Edward Smalwood
64 John Sharpe
99 Mathewe Messenger
65 Thomas Mychell
100 Danyell Orgrave
66 Thos Cayne
101 Walter Younge
67 John Hande
102 Tho Sawnce
68 Henrye Sayer
103 John Mundaye
69 Nycholas Williames
104 John Atkynes
70 Wm Deane
105 Tho Swynforde
71 Edwarde Lane
106 Wm Scottes
73 Rychard Lawrence
107 Wm Dyx
108 John Halle
7 The Seventhe Warde
109 Nycholas Crispe
John Lee, Jurat
110 John Davyes
111 Rychard Swynglehurst
74 John Rygden
112 George Ansell
75 Robart Ashbie
113 John Calvet
76 Grigorye Ashborne
114 John Bullock
77 Allexander Wreste
115 Wm Yawkynes
78 Nycholas Chester
79 Rychard Philpott
9 The Nynthe Warde
80 Wm Ferryer
Edward Peke, Jurat
81 Tho Wylde
82 Tho Tamkyn
116 John Cooper
83 Wm Borrell
117 Arthore Browne
584
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
84 John Sheperd
118 Tho Boyet
85 George Fauset
119 John Ellyes
86 Robart Turnor
120 George Browne
87 Benjamyne Martyne
121 Robart Pentlande
88 Tho Adkinges
122 John Jelley
123 Tho Wynyates
157 Younge Stace
124 Samuell Debney
158 Rychard Durram
125 Henrye Dunkyne
159 Tho Malson/Matson
126 Wm Keas
160 Anthonye Borman
127 George Deubode
161 Wm Malkam
128 Tho Shorte
162 Henrye Campyan
129 Wm Joones
163 Edwarde Campyan
130 Tho Stace
131 Tho Robsdon
12 The Twelvethe Warde
132 John Thodes
Wyllm Crispe, Jurat
133 Phillipp Elton
134 Rychard Thomlyn
164 John Burfoote
135 Nycholas Cox
165 Robart Yeomans
136 Walter Powell
166 John Iryshe
167 Tho Browne
10 The Tenthe warde
168 John Baker
John Bartelmewe Jurat
169 Wm Tylley
170 John Stace
137 Rycharde Waters
171 Wm Grige
138 Rycharde Hurleston
172 Nycolas Joyce
139 Wm Cooke
173 Tho Gooke
140 Walter Johnson
174 John Graye
141 John Cowrle
175 Robart Pryor
142 Tho Crane
176 John Ferrye
143 Tho Younge
177 Wm Dallamour
144 Thos Woulters
178 Jeromye Ellyot
145 John —
179 Hugoe Arnolde
146 Robart Collyver
180 Rychard Egerton
147 Humfreye Robynson
181 Stephen Porke
148 John Harvie
182 Tho Durram
149 Robert Prynge
183 Wm Estbrooke
150 Nycholas Hurleston
184 John Pendred
151 Danyell Irishe
185 Wm Collarde
152 Tho Singleton
186 John Chalke
153 John Grove
187 Robert Stace
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
154 Tho Courle
188 Rychard Jacob
189 Tho Isack
11 The Eleventhe Warde
190 John Shepwell
John Iden, Jurat
191 Henrye Hurlestone
192 Rychard Johnson
155 John Asheman
193 Mathewe Dade
156 Marke Elcock
194 John Olyver
195 Anthonye Slaughter
14 Robert Curlewe
196 Robart Clement
15 Jeames Nebreathe
197 Tho Barde
198 John Harrys
The Seconde Warde
199 Wm Adames
16 Thomas Inglande
200 Tho Mychells alias
Peters
17 Robart Blackleche
201 Wm Gaynye
18 Rycharde Wyate
19 Robart Atwell
Calyver men of the
denysons
The Thirde Warde
1 Jacob Curte
20 Rycharde Chittenden
2 Mychell Stracell
21 Hugoe Maures
3 George Kyte
22 Rycharde Clarkson
4 Tho Vanell
23 John Boone
5 Gylis Ente
24 Wm Dalmyngton
6 Mychell Stampe
3
25 George Bruer
7 Charle de Brooker
26 Hewe Mathewe
8 John Carbonett
9 Francis Latyne
The Fowerthe Warde
10 Mahue Smeker
27 Mychelle Rycharde
11 Vincent Jacob 4
28 John Bollarde
12 George Baveler
9
29 John Wyer
13 Lambert Clayse
10
30 Wm Mollande
Edward Woodforde
The names of the Pyckes
31 Rychard Smyght
These numbers represent the wards in which the denizens lived.
586
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
and
Halbarderes appoynted
32 Rychard Jones
33 Jeames Lexstan
The Fyrst warde
34 Wm Gasken
1 Henry Tayler
35 Wm Browne
2 John Leeche
36 Wm Plomer
3 John Hillyarde
4 Tho Cossens
The Fyvethe Warde
5 Robart Goodman
37 John Baddyson
6 Wm Reignoulde
38 Wm Wolheade
7 Vyncent Loll
39 Tho Parrot
8 Nycholas Rychardson
40 Ryse Enge
9 Robart Edropp
10 Ralfe Lane
The Syxthe Warde
11 Wm Burfoote
41 Wm Hunte
12 Nychas Andryan
42 Edward Furnis
13 Tho Goulder
43 Rycharde Stone
44 Jacob Thorne
The Tenthe Warde
45 Jeromye Turner
68 Rycharde Smyght
46 Wm Wynter
69 Jeames Rumsey
47 John Burrowe
The Eleventhe Warde
The Seventhe Warde
70 Thomas Cortop
48 Frances Browne
71 Andryan Cooke
49 John Mewe
72 Andrewe Harwood
50 Wm Borowe
51 Henrye Howse
The Twelveth Warde
52 Xpofer Vintman
73 John Moore
53 Vincent Woodman
74 Wm Harrys
54 Thomas Worster
75 Tho Guynes
76 Tho Hurleston
The Eight Warde
77 Wm Woulters
55 Tho Wyllmson
56 Valentyne Baker
The names of the able
archers
57 Tho Mathewe
78 Henrye Norres
58 Lewes Huson
79 Abram Sancrye
2
These numbers represent their wards.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
59 John Tyndall
80 Lawrance Parke
2
60 Wm Walles
81 Robart Myles
2
82 John Fyndall, senr
2
The Nynthe Warde
83 Wm Braye
2
61 George Hutchingson
84 Edward Fanne
4
62 John Androwes
85 Ricjard Patteson
9
63 John Keale
86 Roger Phillipes
9
64 Robart Goodwyne
87 Davye Neys
10
65 John Tayller
88 Anthonye Fayerwether
11
66 Rychard Gyll
67 Henrye Warde
The names of the pyoners and what they are chardged with
Wm Harlocke
a byll and a spade
Wm Coper
a byll, a shovell
Denys Quernes
a byll
1
George Hudson
a byll, a mattocke
Rychard Bollarde
1 byll mattocke and spade
1
Robart Johnson
a byll and shovell
Stephen Boyer
Tho Clement
a byll, a spade
2
Robart Gybson
Abram Gaskyne
a byll
John Norryngton
a byll, a shovell
3
Rychard Turner
a byll, a shovell
588
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
John Haywarde
a byll, a shovell
Rycharde Waltes
a byll, a spade
Rycharde Drewe
a byll, a spade
John Brown
a byll, a spade
4
Wm Plover
a byll, a spade
George Harga
a byll, a shovell
Tho Sotheye
a byll, a spade
Evan Jones
a halbarde, sworde
dagger spade
shovell
Robert Herelwood
a byll, a shovell
Edward Ponder
a byll, a shovell
Tho Dype
a byll, a shovell
Wm Balye
a byll, a mattocke
5
Phillipe Gate
a byll, a spade
Rycharde Mose
a byll, a spade
Wm Myddeton
a byll, a spade
Stephen Lytles
a byll and a mattocke
George Whyte
a byll and a mattocke
6
Tho Yeomanes
a byll and a shovell
Rychard Johnson
a byll and a spade
Wm Cutler
a byll and a spade
Wm Fysher
a byll and a spade
Wm Phillippes
a byll and a spade
7
John Hudson
servant to John Shephard
John Apse
a byll, spade and shovell
Rycharde Rolfe
a byll and a spade
8
Jeames Whyte
a byll and a shovell
John Warrener
a byll and a spade
Tho Perse
a byll and a shovell
Tho Juson
a halbarde swerde and
dagger
Clement Rose
a byll and mattocke
Xpofer Croydon
a byll and spade
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
10
Rycharde Smyght
a byll and spade
John Tomson
a byll and shovell
Wm Wood
a byll mattocke and spade
Tho Davey
a mattocke and spade
Robert Robynson
a byll and mattocke
John Curt Williams
a byll and shovell
John Stocke
a byll and mattocke
Persefall Jeferye
a byll and spade
11
John Spendley
a byll and shovell
— Bucke
a byll and shovell
Rycharde Powell
a byll and mattocke
Marten Ryckarde
a byll and shovell
Edward Felde
a byll and shovell
John Bereman
a byll and shovell
Paule Sylvester
a byll and spade
Walter Chapman
a byll and mattocke
12
Stephen Bushopp
a byll, sworde and dagger
John Bellenger
a byll
590
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
No. 240
The names of the officers of the gene- rall bande in the Towne of Sandwch viz:
Capan Mr Edwarde Wood252
Leften Mr Bartholomewe Ensigne Mr Glover
Serjant Mr Clarson
Corporales over {Thomas Hurleston the armed men { Rycharde Hurleston
{ Rycharde Stone
{ Robart Goodwyne
{ John Swynford
{ John Bootman
{ Tho Page
{ Robart Mychell Corporals over { Tho Frenche the shotte { Edwarde Lane
{ Rycharde Jacobe
{ Edwarde Phillipes
{ John Stace
{ Gylis Ente
Corporall over John Tyndall, the Elder the archers
{ Evan Jones
Corporales over { Rycharde Powell Tho Yeomans the pyoners { Marten Ryckarde Wm Merryman
Edward Wood was mayor in December 1577, 1578 and 1588.
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
No 241
A Remembrans of all the armoure and wepon that is in the towne and who is to fynde the same
Calyve
rs
Pykes
Servaunt
es
Halbard
es
Bowe
s
The Fyrste
warde
Edward Wood
ij
j
R. Crispe
John Swynford
j
Tho Robynson
ij
Payre of curesses
furn’
Wm Wood
ij
Samson Barrow
Henrye
Barrowe
j
John Leeche
Robart
Goodman
j
Wm
Reignouldes
j
Vincent Loll
j
Mychell Halle
Arther Fylcocke
j
Nycholas
Rychardson
j
Rafe Lane
j
John Smyght
j
Rychard
Hampton
Wm Barfoote
j
j
Robert Edropp
j
j
Richard Curlew
j
Henrye Beakon
John Harris
j
Wm Coper
j
13
2
7
The Second
warde
592
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Roger Manwood
ij
Edward Phillips
j
Repent Hubbard
ij
j
Tho Wheler
ij
j
j furn’
Calyvers
Pykes
Halbard
es
Bowes
Wm
Evanes
4
ij
ij furn’
John
Hampto n
j
Olyver
Warson
ij
j
John
Sutton
j
j
Tho
Alden
j
Robert
Blacklec h
ij
j
j furn’
John
Fyndalle
John
Botman
ij
Rychard
e Wyat
j
Nycho Colbran
d
j furn’
Robart
Turcke
j
j
Tho
Philpot
j
Robart
Atwell
j
j
Tho
Page
j
Robart
Scott
j
Henry
Hussy
j
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Wm
Braye
j
j
j furn’
Jacob
Curte
j
Mychell
Stracett
j
George
Keete
j
Francis Regebar
l
j
The
Thirde Warde
Rychard
Tench
ij
ij
John
Neame
j
Abell
Gager
j
Josua
Poredg
j
Tho
Venell
j
Hugoe
Mayres
j
Wm Woodco
cke
j
Ellis
Ente
4
2
Rych
Clarson
ij
j
John
Boons
iij
j
Mychell
Stampe
j
594
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Charles
de Broke
j
John Carbone
l
ij
j
20
5
3
Tho Buskynn
e
j
Wm Dalmyn
gton
j
Frances
Latyne
j
Mathew
Smeker
j
George
Bruer
j
Hewe
Mathew
j
Clement
Palmer
j
23
7
5
The 4 Warde
Willm Jacobe
ij
j
John Elner
j
j
Walter Halsnode
j
j
John Hache
j
John Bollard
j
j furn’
John Wyer
j
Vyncent Jacobe
j
Wm Molland
j
Walter Haman
j
j
John Tayler
j
j
Rychard Joones
j
Walter Brattell
j
John Whyte
j
Edward Fanne
j
j
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Reignald Sage
j
Nycho Bates
j
Jeames Lexston
j
Tho Northe
j
Evan Jones
j
Henrye Smythe
j
Edward
Bradford
j
12
1
10
5
The Fyvethe
Warde
Stephen Rucke
ij
j
j furn’
Rob Mychell
j
j
Rob Clarke
j
John Dunkyn
ij
Rych Thomkyn
j
j
John Henham
j
John Joones
j
Jervys Bassock
j
Wm Wolhed
j
j
Nych Francklyn
j
j
Tho Pyham
j
Tho Parrot
j
j
John Seathe
j
Rych Nowell
j
j
Tho Nowell
ij
j
Wm Pasheley
j
Lac’ Preston
j
Danyell
Wybrand
j
Audrey Adyson
j
Tho Chrispe
j
j
Tho French
j
Wm Whyte
j
25
5
5
The 6 Warde
Wm Rychardson
ij
ij
596
KENT FEET OF FINES – RICHARD II
Roger Rowe
j
j
John Bradery
j
Wm Hunte
ij
j
Tho Godfrye
j
Aug Wynyates
j
Edward
Smalwood
j
Chris Verrall
j
Wm Borman
j
Wm Pyttock
j
Ellen Luck vid’
j
Rychard Stone
ij
j
John Barrowe
j
Jerom Furner
j
Tho Noble
j
Wm Wattes
j
Hen Sayer
j
Andr Cocket
j
John Satonstoll
j
j
18
5
11
1
The 7 Warde
John Lee
ij
j
Edward
Robardes
j
j furn’
John Verall
j
j
j
Fafe253 Hutton
j
Robart Griffen
ij
j
j furn’
Wm Burrell
j
Tho Knowles
j
Jacob Berrye
j
Gylbert Knowles
j
To be continued
Query Rafe.