Hartlepool skulls SK6 and SK7, c. 400 CE
Glabella & Brow Ridge – Indicates upper-face projection and helps set brow shape and soft-tissue depth.
Nasion & Nasal Root – Establishes the starting angle and height of the nose.
Nasal Aperture Margins – Define nose width and overall nasal morphology for reconstruction.
Inferior Nasal Spine – Key landmark for estimating nasal tip projection and columella shape.
Infraorbital Margins – Anchor points for midface soft-tissue depth and cheek contour.
Zygomatic Arches – Determine facial width and the attachment area for masseter and other facial muscles.
Maxillary Alveolar Ridge – Indicates tooth position and supports upper-lip shape and philtrum structure.
Mandibular Symphysis (Chin) – Determines chin projection and lower-lip contour.
Mental Foramina – Help estimate mouth width and guide lower-facial muscle placement.
Mandibular Angle – Defines jawline shape and the volume of the masseter muscle.
Temporal Lines – Show the extent of temporalis muscle attachment and temple contour.
Mastoid Process Area – Marks neck muscle attachment, influencing the jaw-neck transition.
Orbit Superior Margin – Helps define upper-eyelid position and brow curvature.
Orbit Inferior Margin – Sets the lower-eyelid line and cheek–eye junction.
Dental Arcade (Upper & Lower) – Determines lip support and overall mouth shape.
Zygomatic Arch (mostly missing) – The loss of the zygomatic arch removes the primary lateral landmark for facial width and the origin of the masseter muscle.
Right Orbit Lateral Wall (lost) – The missing lateral orbital rim affects reconstruction of eye depth and the contour of the temple and upper cheek.
Maxilla (fragmented) – The surviving anterior maxilla preserves tooth position, but the missing lateral and posterior maxilla complicates cheek mass and midface projection estimates.
Mandibular Ramus & Coronoid Process (absent) – Without the ascending ramus and coronoid, the attachment area for the temporalis and masseter is gone, making jaw muscle volume and jawline angle harder to determine.
Mandibular Condyle (missing) – Its absence removes the key point for estimating jaw articulation height and lower facial rotation.
Mandibular Body (partially preserved) – The remaining lower jaw body still helps define chin shape and infer lower lip support.
Cranial Vault (heavily damaged at frontal/parietal region) – Missing bone along the frontal and superior parietal areas means brow projection and forehead curvature must be inferred from surviving curvature.
Temporal Bone Surface (partly preserved) – Surviving elements allow rough placement of the temporalis muscle, though missing mastoid and zygomatic processes reduce precision.
Nasal Aperture (partially visible, lateral wall missing) – The destroyed right nasal lateral wall affects nasal width estimation and the outline of the ala.
Dental Arcade (partially preserved) – The surviving teeth remain key for lip support and mouth width, though upper right alveolar loss introduces asymmetry.
