A Bronze Age Ring-Ditch, Anglo-Saxon Settlement and Medieval Enclosures at Otterham Quay Lane, Rainham
FINDS REPORTS
Phil Harding (flint), Grace Jones (ceramic building material, fired clay, iron, stone, shell), Phil Andrews (slag), Jacqueline I. McKinley (human bone), Lorrain Higbee (animal bone), and Megan Scantlebury (charred plant remains).
FLINT – PHIL HARDING
A total of 247 pieces of struck flint were recovered during the evaluation and subsequent excavation, from 41 features and the subsoil. The most significant object is a flake from subsoil context 402 which is undoubtedly of Middle Palaeolithic date (Fig. 1).
[fg]jpg|Fig.1 Flint finds flake from subsoil context 402. Fig. 2 Joining fragments from an annular loom weight.|Image[/fg]
The flake is in a slightly rolled condition, which indicates that it is unlikely to be in a primary position but has nevertheless not moved far from its point of discard. The surface of flake has acquired a mottled orange stain, while thermal damage to the distal end has patinated, indicating that this occurred naturally, possibly during the last Devensian Cold Stage. Despite the damage to the distal end the flake is largely complete, measuring 88mm long, 84mm wide and 28mm thick. Technological detail indicates that the flake was removed by hard hammer percussion from a flake core which was prepared with opposing striking platforms. The [pg1]surviving flake butt is faceted, a common feature of Middle Palaeolithic developed Levallois technique, which dates to OIS 8.
Artefact totals amongst the other, undiagnostic material are low, this characterised by waste flakes, most of which undoubtedly span the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Retouched tools are restricted to an end scraper, a poorly made end scraper and a denticulate, all residual in later contexts. The largest collection of material came from a terminal of later Bronze Age enclosure ditch 4554, which produced a biconical flake core, 13 flakes and a blade. Mention may also be made to the group of material from medieval sunken-featured bakery/kitchen 4197 which includes 88 chips (from a soil sample), none of which could be linked to specific flaking processes, with relatively few flakes. The relatively low quantities of flakes and blades raises the possibility that the chips may have resulted from the rough preparation of some flint nodules for use in the base of the associated oven.
Burnt, unworked flint (572 pieces, 7,255g) was recovered from a range of features of prehistoric to medieval date. Only four contained greater than 500g – ditch 4029 (1,071g), hearth 1709 (773g), pit 4270 (663g) and pit 4302 (596g). This material type is intrinsically undatable but is frequently associated with prehistoric activity, however here only the latter pit is prehistoric, while the ditch is medieval and the other two features undated.
CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIAL – GRACE JONES
Ceramic building material amounting to 41 fragments (4,555g) was recovered from 23 contexts. Romano-British types include tegulae – flanged roofing tiles, most as residual finds in SFB 4430, pits 4348 and 4479, and ditches 4029 and 4555. Plain flat fragments may also derive from tegulae. These were mostly residual in pits 4081 and 4102, and ditches 4195 and 4198. A single curved roof tile came from pit 4388 and is of probable Roman date. A plain flat fragment came from sunken-featured bakery/kitchen 4197 and probably derives from a thin brick (e.g. bessales, pedalis or lydion; Brodribb 1987, fig. 1) predominantly used in hypocausts or in lacing/bonding courses in walls. A single box-flue tile was recorded from pit 604. Fragments from flat roofing tiles, in a pale orange fabric of medieval or post-medieval date, came from pit 4479 and subsoil 1302.
FIRED CLAY – GRACE JONES
The fired clay assemblage (951 pieces, 9111g) derives from 38 features, with over half (5,574g) found in pit 4050. The assemblage is dominated by abraded, amorphous fragments. Occasionally these have a flattened or slightly curved surface and a few have wattle impressions. There are four larger block-like pieces from pit 4388 and part of a possible thin clay plate from ditch 4214. The material is likely to represent the remains of domestic structures, including ovens/hearths.
Portable objects comprise three joining fragments from an annular loom weight (Fig. 2), a type used on a warp-weighted weaving loom, recovered from pit 4081. The form of the loomweight can be categorised as ‘intermediate’, a type, midway between the early Saxon ‘doughnut’ type and the later ‘bun-shaped’ weights (Hurst 1959, 23-4). Intermediate weights were common in the Middle to Late Saxon periods, perhaps from the seventh century onwards (Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 196). No other dating evidence was recovered from pit 4081.[pg2]
IRON – GRACE JONES
The iron assemblage (60 pieces) derives from 20 features. The only identifiable objects comprise a small, hooked blade from ditch 4198, which may have functioned as a pruning hook or leaf-hook; a possible knife blade tip from an uncertain context; and two small tacks or hobnails from pit 4044. The remainder of the assemblage comprises miscellaneous fragments likely to derive from fixtures and fittings – rod, bar, strip, and sheet pieces.
SLAG – PHIL ANDREWS
A total of 4.24kg of ironworking slag was recovered from 12 features, one (? well 4137) assigned a medieval, eleventh/twelfth-century date, the remainder undated. This small quantity of material is moderately fragmented but generally unabraded, and much (3.20kg) is likely to derive from iron smelting, though no tap slag was identified, and smithing cannot be ruled out. The probable smelting slag came from feature 4552 (3.02kg) and pit 4526 (0.20kg). It is relatively dense, with the largest piece from feature 4552 weighing 1.24kg and having traces of attached furnace lining on the slightly curved underside; this may be a fragment of furnace bottom. Other fragments of moderately dense, undiagnostic but possible smelting slag amounted to 736g. These came from pits 4044, 4111 and 4537, possible well 4137 and ditch 4246.
STONE – GRACE JONES
The stone assemblage (97 pieces, 3,927g) is dominated by lava quern fragments, recovered from six features. The largest group (55 pieces) came from the oven base (4180) in sunken- featured bakery/kitchen 4197, with smaller quantities from possible Roman pit 4102, probable medieval pit 4479, and undated pit 4373, ditch 4291 and the subsoil. Where measurable, the fragments are approximately 30mm thick (the point at which lava querns tend to break – Kars 1980, 418) but no other dimensions can be ascertained; only one surface is present. Possible sources for the grey vesicular basalt lava include the Mayen Niedermendig area of the Eifel region of west Germany or Volvic area in the Auvergne region of France. A single stone in a fine-grained micaceous sandstone from pit 4111 had been utilised as a sharpening stone.
SHELL – GRACE JONES
Overall, 238 fragments of oyster shell (2,705g) were recovered from ten features. The largest group came from medieval ditch 4029 (129 shells, with 123 of these from fill 4234). Where identifiable, both left and right valves are present in these features, in fairly equal numbers, and therefore indicative of small-scale processing and consumption on or near to the site.
HUMAN BONE – JACQUELINE I. MCKINLEY
Cremated human bone was recovered from the heavily truncated remains of an urned burial made in grave 1804, which was situated in the south-east corner of the site 4m to the north of the ring-ditch 4020: [pg3]
Site Plan: Middle-Late Bronze Age, Romano-British and Saxon features.
The latter has been attributed a Middle Bronze Age date and a Middle/Late Bronze Age date was initially assigned to the burial remains on the basis of the ceramics. A sample of cremated bone was submitted for radiocarbon analysis in order to gain greater temporal definition and a Late Bronze Age date was returned.
Methods
What remained of the vessel was lifted for micro-excavation under laboratory conditions to enable details of the burial formation process to be assessed. In the event, only 30mm of the fill had survived in situ and this was excavated in quadrants. Recording and analysis of the cremated bone followed the writer’s customary procedures (McKinley 1994a, 5-21; 2004a). Age and sex were estimated using standard methods (Beek 1983; Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994; Gejvall 1981; Scheuer and Black 2000; Wahl 1982). Animal bone species identifications were undertaken by Lorrain Higbee. Details are held in the archive.
Results and discussion
The grave had survived to <0.06m in depth – having suffered substantial horizontal truncation both in the past (plough damage) and during machine stripping of the site – and, given the common presence of cremated bone at surface level, an unknown but potentially substantial quantity of bone will undoubtedly have been lost due to disturbance. The bone is in good visual condition, being only slightly eroded with a few fragments of chalky appearance, and trabecular bone – which comprises the articular surfaces of the long bones and most of the axial skeleton and is often subject to preferential destruction in adverse (e.g. acidic) soil conditions (McKinley 1997, 245; Nielsen-Marsh et al. 2000) – is relatively well represented. Although some bone loss might have occurred via this taphonomic mechanism the quantity is likely to have been small.
The 233.5g of bone recovered represents the remains of a mature adult (25-40 years of age), most likely female. Areas of fine hypervascularity were observed in the exocranial surface of several fragments of cranium extending over a minimum 20 x 25mm area. The precise location cannot be ascertained but the fragments probably include frontal and parietal vault. The potential causes for an increase in vascular activity in the cranium include metabolic conditions such as iron deficiency anaemia (Roberts and Manchester 1997, 166–73), in which [pg4]parasitic infection of the gut can be a major contributory factor as well as a deficiency in iron- rich foods such as red meat and legumes. A further option could be localised inflammation linked to trauma-related haemorrhage (Lewis 2002, 20-28). The only other, minor, pathological lesions observed were very slight osteophytes (new bone formation) on the body surface margins of one thoracic/lumbar vertebra, indicative of age-related wear-and-tear. A non-metric trait comprising a partially fused (endocranial) metopic suture was also recorded. Although such variations in skeletal morphology may indicate population diversity or homogeneity, the interpretative possibilities for individual traits are complex and taken in isolation they should be approached with caution as potentially suggestive of genetic links even on a ‘local’ archaeological level (Tyrrell 2000). In the Bronze Age assemblage (unburnt remains) from the East Kent Access Road sites (EKA2; 29 individuals), the true prevalence rate for this variation was recorded as 26.7% (McKinley 2015, 342).
The vast majority of the bone is white in colour indicative of a high level of oxidation (Holden et al. 1995a and b). Very minor deviations from this norm, comprising slightly grey hues noted to the core of a few fragments of femur and fibula shaft, are insignificant. Variations in oxidation of the bone have been observed in archaeological cremation burials across the temporal range of the rite in the British Isles and few consistent temporal or geographic variations are apparent. The remains from Otterham Quay generally appear more fully oxidised than those from some Bronze Age sites in the east of the county (e.g. McKinley 2015, table 13.36). Such variations could reflect myriad factors – controllable and uncontrollable (see McKinley 1994b, 76-8; 2004b, 293-5; 2008) – including the experience and notion of how much fuel was required and how large the pyre needed to be held by those overseeing the cremation.
Meaningful observations regarding the amount of bone recovered from the grave is hindered by the undoubted loss of material due to disturbance (see above). Unsurprisingly, the weight of bone recovered – which represents around 16% of the average expected from an adult cremation (McKinley 1993) – falls in the lower range of those generally seen for the period (McKinley 1997, 142). Consistently low weights of bone were observed in many of the Bronze Age deposits encountered at EKA2, 50 km to the east (McKinley 2015, table 13.37), and these figures, together with a similar trend noted in some other similarly dated Kentish assemblages, have led to the suggestion of a possible geographic variation being reflected in the figures, though further studies are required to test the validity of this observation.
The majority of the bone was recovered from the 5mm sieve fraction (49% by weight) and the maximum recorded fragments size was 37mm. The data is commensurate with that recorded from similarly dated deposits at EKA2 and others in the county (McKinley 2015; 2020), and there is no evidence to suggest any deliberate fragmentation of the bone prior to burial (for further discussion see McKinley 1994b; 2004b).
The proportion of bone fragments identifiable to a named skeletal element (44.3% by weight) falls within the median range (generally 30-50%, pers. obs.), with an assortment from all skeletal areas being present in close to what might be considered representative proportions (see McKinley 1994a, 6 – only with more lower limb at the expense of axial skeletal elements). The elements appear to have been mixed horizontally and vertically with no indication of deposition in any degree of anatomical order. The small bones of the hands and feet are routinely recovered from cremation burials and the writer has previously suggested that the frequent recovery of these elements might indicate that the bone was collected after cremation by raking the remains off the pyre site with subsequent winnowing to clear away any fuel ash (easing the recovery of the smaller skeletal elements) as opposed to individual hand-recovery of fragments (McKinley 2004b, 299-301). The latter method of recovery would also result in mixing of the skeletal elements from different areas. The writer has previously observed that [pg5]Middle Bronze Age burials, by way of example for the wider period, generally include in the region of five to 20 such elements, placing those reported here within the average for the period.
A small quantity (3g) of cremated animal bone – comprising fragments of sheep/goat sized skull, rib, and metacarpal/tarsal – was found distributed throughout the burial deposit. The inclusion of all or parts of an animal carcass on the pyre was a common characteristic of the rite across the temporal range. Sheep/goat is amongst the species most commonly seen in burials of Bronze Age date and in this case probably represents a food offering (McKinley 1997; 2006, table 5.1; 2015, 424-6).
The slight concentration of bone within one half of the vessel (62% by weight) might signify that the vessel had been tipped on one side to receive the bone and the contents not realigned, or that the primary container for the bone comprised a flexible organic bag which was then placed in the vessel. The sparce amount of fine particle fuel ash observed above the bone on one side could have entered the vessel from the grave fill.
Concluding remarks
Comparative data for the Late Bronze Age, both regionally and nationally, is relatively sparse. The in situ remains of Late Bronze Age burials are rare, and cremation is currently believed to have predominated with graves often being inserted into earlier barrows (Bradley 1990, 112; Brück 1995). The close proximity of grave 1804 to what is likely to have comprised a Middle Bronze Age monument would comfortably fit within this classification. Although the numbers from the county have increased in the last decade or so and the distribution is more widespread (many previously having been concentrated in the east) – probably largely due to the increased employment of radiocarbon analysis to date otherwise undated/insecurely dated burial remains – the quantities continue to be relatively small and any new data provides a much needed addition to assist our understanding of mortuary activity in the Late Bronze Age.
ANIMAL BONE – LORRAIN HIGBEE
The assemblage comprises 913 fragments (or 8.001 kg) of animal bone. Once refits and associated bone groups are considered the total falls to 647 fragments (Table 2). Most of the bone was recovered by hand and the rest retrieved from the sieved residues of bulk samples. Bone preservation is generally good but the material is highly fragmented; consequently only 205 of the 647 fragments recovered are identifiable to species and skeletal element.
The assemblage was rapidly scanned according to current guidelines (Baker and Worley 2019) and the following information quantified where applicable: species, skeletal element, preservation condition, fusion and tooth ageing data, butchery marks, metrical data, gnawing, burning, surface condition, pathology, and non-metric traits.
Results
A total of 352 fragments of animal bone came from contexts of Bronze Age to Romano-British date. Most of the identified bones came from pits, particularly 4061 (medieval) and 4081 (Saxon) and 4102 (Romano-British). Cattle bones dominate followed by sheep/goat and then pig. A few horse and domestic fowl bones were also recovered, and some fish bones were retrieved from sample residues. The range of body parts from livestock is consistent with a subsistence economy although wider participation in the economy cannot be ruled out based on the limited data available.
The Saxon and medieval component of the assemblage includes 160 fragments. The Saxon material came from two SFBs (4430 and 4558) and two pits. The identified Saxon bones [pg6]are from livestock, particularly cattle. Bone came from several medieval enclosure and landscape boundary ditches, sunken-featured bakery/kitchen 4197, a well and several pits. Cattle and sheep/goat bones dominate, followed by pig, horse, and domestic fowl.
CHARRED PLANT REMAINS – MEGAN SCANTLEBURY
Twenty-six bulk sediment samples were processed from a range of Middle Bronze Age, Romano-British, Saxon, and medieval features, including ditches, pits, postholes, sunken featured buildings (SFBs), an oven and hearths. Following an assessment (Wessex Archaeology 2019c), further analysis was undertaken on a selection of six medieval samples, two from ditches (4025 and 4029) and four from sunken-featured bakery/kitchen 4197. Full details of the assessment are available in the site archive.
Methods
The samples were processed following standard procedures using a Siraf-type flotation tank (0.25mm flot mesh, 1mm residue mesh). The flots and fine residue fractions were subsampled using a riffle box and examined using a Leica MS5 stereomicroscope at up to 40x magnification.
For the assessment, remains were recorded semi-quantitatively on an abundance scale. For the analysis, the plant remains were fully quantified where possible by counting the ‘Minimum Number of Individuals’ (MNI) using diagnostic anatomical regions for cereal grains (apical/embryo ends), cereal chaff (upper parts of rachis segments) and pulse seeds (embryo ends, dividing split cotyledons by two). Counts of plant remains from subsamples have been multiplied up to estimate the total number of remains present.
Identifications were undertaken through comparison with Wessex Archaeology’s reference collection and specialised literature (e.g., Cappers et al. 2006; Jacomet 2006). Nomenclature follows Zohary et al. (2012) for cultivated species (using traditional names), and Stace (1997) for wild taxa.
Results
The results of the analysed samples are presented in Table 3. The sampled features from across the site were generally rich in charred plant remains, with a level of preservation ranging from poor to excellent. Wood charcoal was noted in generally small to moderate concentrations.
The analysed samples targeted the cereal-rich deposits from sunken-featured bakery/kitchen 4197, in the south-east corner of the enclosure, as well as ditch 4029 to the feature’s immediate west (medieval phase 4), and ditch 4025 from an earlier phase of activity (medieval phase 3), which was cut by the construction of bakery/kitchen 4197.
The samples are rich in cereal grains, together with smaller quantities of cereal chaff and remains of wild taxa. There was little variation in the compositions of the samples. The assemblage is dominated by free-threshing wheat (Triticum aestivum/turgidum). The high volume of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) rachis also recovered suggests that most of the free- threshing wheat grains are likely bread wheat. The indeterminate wheat (Triticum sp.) grains probably also derive from bread wheat. Other cereals are present in smaller quantities, including barley (Hordeum sp.), some of which was hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare), as well as rye (Secale cereale) and oats (Avena sp.).
The oats recovered were large-seeded, suggesting that they derive from a cultivated species such as common oat (A. sativa) or bristle oat (A. strigosa). Unfortunately, the oat florets (chaff), which are key to the identification of cultivated varieties and wild oat varieties (e.g., A. [pg7]sterilis or A. fatua), did not preserve the characteristics required to determine species level identifications (Jacomet 2006).
Other cereal remains included small numbers of detached cereal embryos, coleoptiles (detached cereal sprouts) and cereal-sized culm nodes. Non-cereal crops form a minor component of the assemblage, including garden peas (Pisum sativum), a small-seeded variety of broad bean (Vicia faba var. minor), as well as some large-seeded vetches/peas (Vicia/Lathyrus/Pisum sp.) which may include cultivated varieties. A low number of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds were also recovered.
The assemblage of wild taxa is dominated by species which prefer disturbed conditions (e.g., arable fields, waste ground, disturbed soils), and they are likely to have been arable weeds. These species include wild grasses (Poaceae), such as bromes (Bromus sp.), alongside corncockle (Agrostemma githago), lesser stitchwort (Stellaria graminea), black horehound (Ballota nigra), red bartsia/eyebrights (Odontites vernus/Euphrasia sp.), cleavers (Galium aparine), narrow-fruited cornsalad (Valerianella dentata), cinquefoil (Potentilla sp.), stinging nettles (Urtica dioica), seeds of the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus), knotweeds (Persicaria sp.), docks (Rumex sp.) and sheep's sorrel (Rumex acetosella). Small-seeded members of the daisy family (Asteraceae), such as scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum) and nipplewort (Lapsana communis), are common; stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula) seeds are particularly abundant.
Occasional seed capsules of rushes (Juncus sp.) and seeds of sedges (Carex sp.) suggest damp/wet conditions. Highly fragmented hazel (Corylus avellana) nutshell and a low number of elder (Sambucus nigra) seeds indicate local scrub/woodland.
Discussion – the medieval crop spectrum The plant remains from the samples yield a characteristic suite of medieval crops; these include bread wheat, barley, rye, oats, broad beans, garden peas and flax (Moffett 2018; 2011; 2006). These crops were used for food, fuel, fodder, fibre, and nitrogen-fixing, amongst other uses (ibid; Zohary et al. 2012). The medieval period saw the extensification of agriculture and the diversification of crop choices compared to the late prehistoric and Romano-British periods (Moffett 2018). The plant remains assemblage from Otterham Quay
Road attests to the dramatic shift in crop spectrum and cultivation practices, from the Romano-British preference for glume wheats (e.g., spelt wheat – Triticum spelta – and potentially, locally, emmer wheat – T. dicoccum) to a preference for free-threshing wheat varieties, predominantly bread wheat, alongside a diversity of other crops.
Wild plant taxa, including corncockle, are frequently recorded on Saxon and medieval sites as an arable weed (Stevens and Fuller 2018), and considerable agricultural activity was likely occurring in the vicinity of the settlement here. Stinking chamomile has been associated with the cultivation of cereals, specifically of free-threshing wheat, on heavy clay soils (Powell et al. 2009), indicating the cultivation of the local heavy soils such as the loamy-clayey coastal flats adjacent to the site. The recovery of sedges and rushes also potentially evidence this.
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TABLE 2: ANIMAL BONE: NUMBER OF IDENTIFIED SPECIMENS PRESENT (OR NISP)
[tb] [th]Species|Bronze Age to Romano-British|Saxon & medieval|Undated|Total[/th] [tr]Cattle|39|24|26|89[/tr] [tr]Sheep/goat|21|21|4|46[/tr] [tr]Pig|10|6|3|19[/tr] [tr]Horse|1|2|3|6[/tr] [tr]Domestic fowl|3|4|-|7[/tr] [tr]Fish|35|-|1|36[/tr] [tr]Total identified|110|58|37|205[/tr] [tr]Total unidentifiable|243|103|98|444[/tr] [tr]Overall total|352|160|135|647[/tr] [/tb] [pg11]TABLE 3: CHARRED PLANT REMAINS: RESULTS OF ANALYSIS [tb] [th]Feature type||Ditch|Ditch|Posthole- SFB|Posthole- SFB|SFB|SFB[/th] [tr]Group||4025|4029|4197|4197|4197|4197[/tr] [tr]Feature||4368|4118|4318|4448|4171|4171[/tr] [tr]Context||4369|4119|4319|4449|4324|4325[/tr] [tr]Sample||17|26|12|19|13|20[/tr] [tr]Vol (l)||19|43|19|10|9.5|19[/tr] [tr]Flot (ml)||175|400|125|60|60|50[/tr] [tr]Subsample||25%|12.5%|25%|50%|50%|50%[/tr] [tr]Scientific name (common name)|Plant part||||||[/tr] [tr]Cereals|||||||[/tr] [tr]Avena sp. (Oats)|grain|48|256|4|18|18|36[/tr] [tr]cf. Avena sp. (Oats)|grain|32|40|16|16|6|14[/tr] [tr]Hordeum sp. (Barley)|grain|76|240|20|14|30|132[/tr] [tr]Hordeum vulgare (Hulled barley)|grain|8|16|4|2|4|20[/tr] [tr]Secale cereale (Rye)|grain|36|176|4|6|8|12[/tr] [tr]cf. Secale cereale (Rye)|grain|12|48|-|4|4|-[/tr] [tr]Triticum aestivum/turgidum(Naked wheat)|grain|236|384|540|10|302|114[/tr] [tr]Triticum cf. aestivum/turgidum(Naked wheat)|grain|48|120|76|-|44|38[/tr] [tr]Triticum sp. (Wheat)|grain|68|104|8|6|14|18[/tr] [tr]Triticeae (Indeterminate cereal)|grain|404|880|780|120|364|236[/tr] [tr]Triticeae (Indeterminate cereal)|grain fragment|1380|2280|860|496|970|860[/tr] [tr]Triticeae (Indeterminate cereal)|detachedembryo|-|16|8|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Triticeae (Indeterminate cereal)|coleoptile|8|16|-|-|2|-[/tr] [tr]Cereal chaff|||||||[/tr] [tr]Hordeum sp. (Barley)|rachis|-|96|4|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Secale cereale (Rye)|rachis|4|80|8|2|2|-[/tr] [tr]Triticum aestivum (Bread wheat)|rachis|16|88|104|4|48|-[/tr] [tr]Triticum sp. (Wheat)|rachis|4|16|72|2|36|-[/tr] [tr]Triticum sp. (Wheat)|(sub-)basal rachis|-|-|8|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Avena sp. (Oats)|floret|-|8|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Avena-type (Oat-type)|awn fragment|-|-|-|-|2|-[/tr] [tr]Triticeae (Indeterminate cereal- sized)|culm node|4|-|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Poaceae (Indeterminate grass)|culm node|4|-|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Pulses|||||||[/tr] [tr]Pisum sativum (Garden pea)|seed|16|32|4|2|-|6[/tr] [tr]Vicia faba (Celtic bean)|seed|-|16|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Vicia faba/Pisum sativum (large- seeded legumes)|seed|-|-|-|6|-|-[/tr] [tr]Lathyrus nissola|seed|-|-|4|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Vicia/Lathyrus sp.(Vetches/Peas)|seed <1 ->2mm|136|8|56|46|26|60[/tr] [/tb][tb] [th]Vicia/Lathyrus/Pisum(Vetches/Peas)|sp.|seed <2>4mm|-|36|48|4|40|20|38[/th] [tr]Vicia/Lathyrus/Pisum(Vetches/Peas)|sp.|seed <2>4mm,?germinated|-|4|-|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Fabaceae (Pea family)|seed fragment|-|96|-|6|-|-[/tr] [tr]Oil crops|||||||[/tr] [tr]Linum usitatissimum (Flax)|seed|-|-|4|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Tree/Shrub species|||||||[/tr] [tr]Corylus avellana (Hazelnut)|pericarpfragment type 1 (<4mm2)|124|-|-|-|-|4[/tr] [tr]Corylus avellana (Hazelnut)|pericarpfragment type 2 (<16mm2)|28|-|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Corylus avellana (Hazelnut)|pericarp MNI|12|-|-|-|-|1[/tr] [tr]Sambucus nigra (Elder)|seed|-|-|4|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Other Taxa|||||||[/tr] [tr]Poaceae (Grasses)|grain|36|72|48|4|-|44[/tr] [tr]Bromus sp. (Bromes)|grain|36|8|16|10|-|-[/tr] [tr]Poa/Phleum-type (Small seeded grasses)|grain|4|-|40|10|8|6[/tr] [tr]Trifoliae(Trefoils/Medicks/Clovers)|seed|8|24|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoots)|seed|12|48|16|2|-|8[/tr] [tr]Caryophyllaceae (Pink family)|seed|-|-|-|-|2|2[/tr] [tr]Agrostemma githago(Corncockle)|seed|8|8|16|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Stellaria gramineastitchwort)|(Lesser|seed|-|-|-|-|-|2[/tr] [tr]Polygonaceae (Knotgrass family)|seed|-|-|-|-|-|2[/tr] [tr]Fallopia convolvulus (Black- bindweed)|seed|-|8|4|-|-|4[/tr] [tr]Persicaria sp. (Knotweeds)|seed|-|-|-|2|-|2[/tr] [tr]Rumex sp. (Docks)|seed|4|16|4|2|4|-[/tr] [tr]Rumex acetosellasorrel)|(Sheep’s|seed|-|-|4|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Ballota nigra (Black horehound)|seed|-|-|-|-|2|-[/tr] [tr]Odontites vernus/Euphrasia sp. (Red bartsia/Eyebrights)|seed|-|-|-|2|-|-[/tr] [tr]Galium sp. (Bedstraws)|seed|-|-|8|-|2|2[/tr] [tr]Galium aparine (Cleavers)|seed|-|8|-|-|-|8[/tr] [tr]Valerianella dentata (Narrow-fruited cornsalad)|seed|-|-|-|2|-|-[/tr] [tr]Apiaceae (Carrot family)|seed|-|-|12|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Asteraceae (small-seeded) (Daisy family)|seed|8|-|24|6|4|16[/tr] [tr]Anthemis cotulachamomile)|(Stinking|seed|156|608|8|90|2|20[/tr] [tr]Tripleurospermum(Scentless mayweed)|inodorum|seed|4|16|-|2|-|2[/tr] [/tb] [tb] [th]Lapsana communis(Nipplewort)|seed|-|-|-|-|-|4[/th] [tr]Potentilla sp. (Cinquefoil)|seed|-|-|-|-|2|-[/tr] [tr]Urtica dioica (Stinging nettles)|seed|-|-|8|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Carex sp. (Sedges, biconvex seed)|seed|4|8|-|-|2|-[/tr] [tr]Carex sp. (Sedges, trigonousseed)|seed|4|-|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Juncus sp. (Rushes)|seed capsule|-|-|8|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Indeterminata|seed|8|24|16|16|-|4[/tr] [tr]Indeterminata|?seed capsule fragments|4|32|8|-|2|-[/tr] [tr]Indeterminata|nutshell fragments|12|-|-|-|-|-[/tr] [tr]Indeterminata|tuber/rhizome|-|8|8|-|-|-[/tr] [/tb]