A Note on Hill-Names Between the Blean and the North Kent Coast
Minor place-names have been overlooked in toponymic literature, which tends to favour the study of major settlements and significant natural features. Here, some minor hill-names are examined to highlight their enduring significance to local history. Drawing on archaeological evidence, locative surnames, and other related place-names, etymologies are proposed for several hill-names that possibly have yet to be discussed in previous collections of Kent place-names. Exploring their origins shows that these [pg330]names relate to the area’s medieval settlement, woodland economy, and ceramics industry. They call for a closer scrutiny of Kentish place-names, especially those of minor landscape features.
In his county survey, Hasted observed that Kent, apart from its marshes and the Weald, is predominantly a cluster of small hills. Amongst the larger groups of hills in the county, such as the peaks of the North Downs, lies a smaller collection of elevated topography that culminates in an area known as the Blean Plateau (see Coleman 1954). Moving inland from the low-lying flats and marshes of the North Kent Coast, the terrain of this area quickly gives way to a series of gentle, rolling hills. A portion of this area is captured in Kent Sheet XXXV of the 6″ OS Maps, surveyed from 1872 to 1873 and later published in 1877, and the hill-names discussed here are limited to those found on this sheet. It shows an area just south of Whitstable and Seasalter, overlooking the Swale Estuary to the north and the ancient Blean woodlands to the south.
Kent Sheet XXXV primarily features the parishes of St Cosmus and St Damian, Hackington, and Swalecliffe, as well as parts of the parishes of Hernhill, Fordwich, St Mary Northgate, Seasalter, Whitstable, Chislet, and Sturry at its edges. The hill-names included on this map are Ballsdown Farm, Clapham Hill, Clay Hill, Fox’s Cross Hill, Grimshill Wood, Hanginghill Wood, Hernehill, Honey Hill, Knockhimdown Hill, Pean Hill, Radfall Hill, Shrub Hill, Tyler Hill, Vale Farm, and Wraik Hill. The nearby Borstall Hill appears just to the north and was included based on proximity.
There is ample toponymic evidence that Old English speakers subtly differentiated between the diversity of elevated terrains seen across Britain. Many of these major place-names, like Hernehill, also carry what has been termed a ‘quasi-habitative significance’ based on their presence in early conveyances of land (Gelling 1984). It can be surmised from this wealth of topographical terms that elevated and difficult-to-access terrains, like the tops of hills, along with their slopes and valleys, were familiar and notable features of the landscape and were likewise readily exploited. The place-names of Kent have been well covered in toponymic literature, although this corpus has long required revision, particularly concerning its treatment of minor names, which has been deemed ‘inadequate and often unsatisfactory’ at times (Reaney 1959: 62). These minor names are less studied and remembered. Nevertheless, they persist in the modern landscape, preserved in sources like road names, nature reserves, and trail maps.
Of the several hill-names discussed below, there are several for which only modern forms of the name survive. For these names, any interpretation presented here is tentative until additional sources are identified. The primary limitation when dealing with minor place-names is that they often lack historically attested forms and seemingly appear recorded for the first time in the modern period. The hill-names on Kent Sheet XXXV are conceivably much older than the map’s inception. However, their obscurity in the historical record impedes their study, as the etymology of each name and the sense it carries cannot be firmly established. Fortuitously, some hill-names from this sheet are preserved in medieval sources and locative surnames. It should not be assumed a priori that all of the hill-names on this sheet emerged contemporaneously. Nonetheless, given that the names share [pg331]a geographic and topographic connection and perhaps even a linguistic connection, it stands to reason that some of these minor and infrequently attested names did not solely arise in the modern period but may have emerged earlier.
Ballsdown farm (TR 10273 64655)
1841 Bulls Down (Seasalter Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Ballsdown Farm (Kent Sheet XXXV)
The initial element of Ballsdown Farm is derived from the medieval surname Bolle and changed from Bull- to Ball- in the nineteenth century.[fn1] This derivation is given in the PNK, and Cullen offers the now-lost Bollyng, first recorded in Whitstable Hundred in the late thirteenth century, as a comparison to this name (1997: 297, 302). The surname is well recorded in the area surrounding Ballsdown Farm, appearing first in the 1327 Subsidy Roll as Bolle and later, the surname Balle appears in the 1357 Subsidy Roll in Whitstable Hundred. Likewise, the Bolle surname was recorded in Ickham in the late thirteenth century and continued to be recorded around Canterbury and Chartham.[fn2] The name’s second element is related to the elevated topography of the area. It descends from OE dūn ‘hill’, which provided the Kentish dialectal down ‘a piece of high open ground’ (DKD: 46).
Borstall Hill (TR 10497 65116)
1323 de Borstal / atte Borstal (Patent Rolls)
1334 de Borstalle (Kent Lay Subsidy)
1656 Borstall (CCA-U467/K/34/4/32/13)
1840 Bostall Hill / Bostal Hill Field (Whitstable Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Borstall Hill (6″ Sheet XXXIII)
From OE borg ‘refuge, security’ + steall ‘place, stead’, which later developed the meaning ‘pathway up a hill’ (PNK: 494; DEPN: 50-51). This sense is preserved in the dialectal terms borstal and bostal (DKD: 17). The hill element is a later addition, as the original sense of the name was lost.
Clapham Hill (TR 10620 64199)
1581 Clapham Hill (U97/T28/1)
1873 Clapham Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
The first elements are from OE *clopp ‘hillock, hill’ + hām ‘home, farm, settlement’ or hamm ‘enclosure’. In Hackington Parish, the field name Clopham was recorded in 1142-8 and later appeared as Clopeham around the 1230s (see Erskine 1956; cullen 1997: 299, 308). It cannot be said with certainty that these names are early forms of Clapham Hill. Still, the proximity of St Stephen’s alias Hackington Parish to that of Whitstable Parish suggests a connection between the names. Nearby in Chartham, the field name Clopham appears in the early thirteenth century and later again in 1290.[fn3] [pg332]
Clay Hill (TR 09289 61360)
1873 Clay Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
This hill was likely associated with a nearby tile or ceramics industry and was named for its underlying clay soils, cf. Clangate Wood in Hoath Parish (from OE clǣg ‘clay’ + hangra ‘wooded hillside, slope’), recorded as Clayanger in 1710 (Cullen 1997: 348; Gelling 1984: 195), and Clay Pits in the parishes of Dunkirk and St Cosmus and St Damian.
Fox’s Cross Hill (TR 09460 63398)
1873 Fox’s Cross Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
The hill’s name was taken from Fox’s Cross, where four country lanes meet. It is derived from the surname Fox, recorded in Whitstable Hundred in the 1278 Assize Roll as le Fox (PNK: 304). The surname appears elsewhere in the area over a considerable period, with Richard Fox recorded in 1329-30 in Hackington, Robert Vox in 1341 near Graveney, Thomas Fox in 1614 in Whitstable, and William Fox, churchwarden of Seasalter in 1705.[fn4]
Grimshill Wood (TR 10889 60721)
1278 Grimngesheld (Assize Roll)
1313 Gremyngehelde (Assize Roll)
1535 Grymesfilde (Valor Ecclesiasticus)
1790 Grimgill (Hasted) 1839 Grimshill (St cosmus and St Damian Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Grimshill Wood (6″ Sheet XXXV)
The initial element may be a personal name derived from OE grimm ‘fierce, savage’, though it is commonly accepted it is instead from OE grīming ‘spectre’ (see PNK: 492; Smith 1956: 210; Cullen 1997: 292). The second element is OE helde ‘a slope, an incline’, which, like other names from this sheet, merged with the related element hill. The eighteenth-century form given by Hasted, Grimgill, appears again in Whitstable as Grimgill Farm on the 6″ OS Maps.
Hanginghill Wood (TR 12058 63324)
1840 Hanging Hill / Hanging Hill Wood (Whitstable Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Hanginghill Wood (6″ Sheet XXXV)
The source of this name is OE hangian ‘to hang’, which provided me honginge ‘steep (of a hill)’. Generally, the hanging element suggests locations along the slope of a hill (see DEPN: 206), and as expected, this former woodland was situated along a slope.[fn5] The Kentish dialectal hanger ‘a hanging wood on the side of a hill’ seems to be the primary sense here (DKD: 70). A short distance from this example is another Hanginghill, near Bridge. This name is similarly obscure and is not recorded on the 6″ OS Map. However, it can be traced to at least 1771, when Reverend Faussett first described the numerous burial mounds at this site.[pg333]
Hernehill (TR 11232 63080)
c.1100 Haranhylle (Domesday Monachorum)
1237 Harehull’ (Close Rolls)
1346 Harnhelle (C 241/121/191)
1654 Hearnehill (SP 28/210/195)
1873 Hernehill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
Unlike other minor hill-names on the sheet, this is the name of a parish. The name is commonly held as being derived from OE hār ‘grey’ – inflected to express the dative case it would as hāran – thus, Wallenberg interprets the name as æt þām hāran hylle ‘at the grey hill’ instead of connecting it to the hypothetical boundary element hār (PNK: 303; DEPN: 207-8, 225). The OE hara ‘hare’ and *hær ‘stony ground, a pile of stones’ also present possible sources.
Honey Hill (TR 11588 61397)
1840 Honey Hill (Sturry Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Honey Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
Honey names are frequent in Kent. This hill-name and the adjoining Honeyhill Farm are related to nearby Honey Wood, which appears in the 1240 Assize Roll as de Hunywude and later as de Honywode in Canterbury in the mid-1330s (Hanley & Chalklin 1964). The first element is from OE hunig ‘honey’, either in a specifically apian sense or metaphorically referring to the quality of the land, such as in the sense of wet, marshy, water-ridden earth or in the sense of rich, fertile soil.[fn6] The honey element is likewise derived from the OE personal name Hūna (Briggs 2024: 174). In this example, the hill’s proximity to a spring, as marked on the 6″ OS Map, suggests that the name refers to wet, boggy soil.
Knockhimdown Hill (TR 15580 64352)
1873 Knockhimdown Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
The name’s meaning remains uncertain due to a lack of early forms. The initial element recalls OE *cnocc ‘hill, hillock’, though the source of the knock element can also be derived from OE āc ‘oak’, with the initial <n> a vestige of the name’s original definite article. This sense may be present in the nearby Knockley Wood on Kent Sheet XXXVI, presumably from OE āc + lēah ‘clearing, meadow’, along with other names containing botanical elements.[fn7] The knock element also carries the meaning ‘sandbank’ (see Wright 1902: 479). This sense explains some Kentish examples, such as Highknock Channel along the coast near Dymchurch (Parsons 2004: 135). However, it offers little for our current inland name. Given the area’s topography, the last element refers to a hill or other elevated terrain. The Kentish Knockhimdown Hill can be compared to similar forms found throughout Great Britain, such as Knockerdown in Derbyshire, recorded as such in the seventeenth century (Cameron 1959: 353), as well as Knock’emdown Grove in Essex and the Welsh Knock-man-down Wood (for other examples see Parsons 2004: 135).[pg334]
Pean Hill (TR 11104 62552)
1840 Pean Hill (Whitstable Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Pean Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
The medieval route from Canterbury’s West Gate to the coast, now the A290, diverged towards Whitstable and Seasalter at Pean Hill (Tatton-Brown 2001: 124). The pean element appears elsewhere in Kent, particularly in connection to the agricultural landscape, including several field names containing the element in the Newington near Hythe Tithe Award Schedule – in this sheet alone there, there are the pastures Upper Pean Meadow, Lower Pean Meadow, and Pean Meadow and also the arable fields named Pean Field and Pean Two Acres. There is also Pean Farm in Stourmouth,[fn8] a field called The Pean in Lyminge, and it may also be present in Pink Farm in Whitstable. Near Headcorn is Pinkhorn Green, which is attested in the 1327 locative surname de Peancrone – Wallenberg stressed this spelling is indicative of a long vowel in the name’s original form, comparing OE gepyndan ‘to lock up’ (PNK: 214). In these examples, the initial elements Pean- and Pink- are a reflex of the dative form of OE pynd and Kentish pend ‘enclosure, pound’, which, through a loss of their final consonants, underwent a lengthening of their vowel.
Radfall Hill (TR 13553 64516)
1873 Radfall Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
Radfall Hill takes its name from Radfall Road, a path used to access the woodlands of the Blean via Shrub Hill. The path’s name comes from the droveway also known as the Radfall, a linear earthwork of considerable antiquity used for similar purposes (Allen 2004). The first two elements are from OE rōd ‘a rod, a measure of land’ + feallan ‘to fall’. These came together to form the Kentish dialectal rodfall ‘a belt of wood about a rod deep, not belonging the same owner as the woods, felled at a different time’ (DKD: 52, 125, & 130). Historical forms of this name are lacking, though the ‘sēo burh strǣt’ mentioned in a 948 charter refers to what is now known as Radfall Road [the road to canterbury] (Cullen 1997: 291, Birch 1893: 15).
Shrub Hill (TR 13755 64685)
1837 Shrubs Hill (Swalecliffe Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Shrub Hill (6″ Sheet XXXV)
The first element is from OE scrybb ‘a shrub, a place overgrown with brushwood’, likely named to distinguish the hill from the nearby Radfall Hill and Radfall Gate, an entrance to the Blean woodlands. Similar prickly constructions appear nearby on the same map sheet with Bushyfield Farm and Thornden, which appeared as Thorndenn in 1294 and is from OE þorn ‘a thorny bush or tree’ + denn ‘woodland swine pasture’.[fn9] The neighbouring Broomfield Gate is another entrance to the Blean via the Radfall. On Sheet XXXIV, the names Nettle Hill and Holly Hill also appear in the Blean woodlands.[pg335]
Tyler Hill (TR 14212 60763)
1304 Tylerhelde (Assize Roll)
1363 Teghelerehelde and Tegularynhelde (Ellis and Bickley 1900: 321)
1465 Tylernehelde (Streeten 1985: 374)
1493 Tilariehill (CCA-DCc-ChAnt/H/111A)
1535 Tylor Hill (Valor Ecclesiasticus)
1839 Tyler Hill (Hackington Tithe Award Schedule)
Based on its fourteenth-century forms, the second element is from OE helde, ‘a slope, an incline’, later merging with the semantically similar hill in the following century. Based on early spellings, the first element is either OE *tigelere, ‘tile maker’ or tigel ‘tile’ + ærn ‘a building, house’. Streeten identified the 1484 Tyle Oast Field as connected to this site (1985: 374), which appeared in the Tithe Award Schedule for St Cosmus & St Damian as Tile Oast Wood.
Vale Farm (TR 16609 62341)
1873 Vale Farm (Kent Sheet XXXV)
This modern name is self-explanatory, situated at a low point in the Stour Valley. It was previously called Hole, first recorded as such in the thirteenth century, and was still known as Hole Farm in the 1840 Sturry Tithe Award Schedule (Cullen 1997: 348).[fn10] The original name derives from OE hol ‘hole, hollow, depression’.
Wraik Hill (TR 10037 64025)
1261 de la Rake (CCA-DCc-ChAnt/S/289)
1841 Rake Hill (Seasalter Tithe Award Schedule)
1873 Wraikhill Farm (Kent Sheet XXXV)
1925 Wraike Hill (EK/U1507/E365)
Given its historical forms and the place’s elevation, the source is OE hraca ‘throat’, which by extension could also refer to a pass or way through a valley. This sense provided me rake ‘a path up a hill, a track, a pass’, commonly found in connection with raised topography. For example, in Sussex, the settlement Le Rake was recorded in 1296, whereas today, the village of Rake lies at the end of a ridge (Glover 1986: 138). Cullen raises the point that parish boundaries bridge the closely connected Wraik Hill and Borstall Hill, which ‘might indicate that this was once a single trackway’ (1997: 302). The rake element is also connected to the agricultural landscape, and other instances of the element in Kent indicate that it was employed more generally. For example, in 1432, the field names Longerake, Sasyndrake, and Warettysrake were recorded in Romney Marsh in 1432 (Gardiner 1998).
Discussion
Most hill-names discussed in this paper can be reliably traced beyond the nineteenth century and the conception of Kent Sheet XXXV. The earliest of which is Hernehill, [pg336]appearing in records in the twelfth century – later, Wraik Hill and Grimshill Wood appear in the thirteenth century, Bortsall Hill and Tyler Hill emerge in the early fourteenth century, and lastly, Clapham Hill in the sixteenth century. This is not to suggest that the other minor names from this sheet appeared only for the first time in the modern period. Rather, it’s indicative of how memories and references to minor place names can easily be lost and obscured. For example, records of locative surnames suggest a similar early emergence for the names Ballsdown Farm, Honey Hill, and Fox’s Cross Hill.
A 1995 excavation at Radfall Corner, on a slope of Shrub Hill, revealed a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age forked linear feature, interpreted as one of the prehistoric tracks that led to the Blean (Allen et al. 1997). This path was part of an early system of roads that spanned from the North Coast to the forested interior of the county. These linear features facilitated the movement and trade of the area’s primary economic outputs in the early medieval period, including ceramics, livestock, salt, and timber (see Allen 2004). The names of these various paths have been lost to time, but a reference to one of the primary pathways is preserved in Radfall Hill. It is difficult to date the emergence of this name. However, its situation along an ancient droveway suggests the feature has long served as a wayside marker – just as the Radfall has long served as an important parish boundary. Valleys and flat, low-lying areas near the slopes of hills offered natural points for easy, repeated access, later developing into pathways and settlements. References to such linear features are present in Borstall Hill, Vale Farm and Wraikhill Farm.
An agricultural sense is shared amongst Pean Hill and perhaps also Clapham Hill. Excavations in 1997 and 1998, north of Thanet Way, revealed a significant Late Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement that was ‘situated on part of the crown and lower slopes of a high promontory overlooking the…plain[s] and low-lying marshes of Whitstable and Seasalter’, (Canterbury Archaeological Trust 2002: 349-51). Features associated with this community extended towards Wraik Hill and Borstall Hill. These farming settlements continued along the coast of northern Kent, strategically positioned on hillsides and other high areas (Bishop and Bagwell 2005: 128; Yates 2004).
The hill-names of Kent Sheet XXXV suggest that early medieval inhabitants of the area continued this pattern of hillside settlement and agriculture, taking advantage of locales that provided access to the resources of the sea and the nearby woodlands. The tannic fruits of the Blean supported the practice of pannage, where droves of swine were released into woodland pastures to feed upon fallen acorns and other botanicals. From the late eleventh century to the mid-fourteenth century, the local economy of the Blean and surrounding areas shifted away from the rearing of swine and cattle. This shift was driven by the need for timber and wooden fuel, resulting in the coppices observed in the woodlands today (Witney 1990). References to woodlands and dense plant growth can be found in the names Grimshill Wood, Hanginghill Wood, and Shrub Hill.
Predictably, the history and place-names of Kent Sheet XXXV reflect their situation between sylvan and marine environments. As the agriculture of the woodlands receded and approached the coast, the two converged at the local salt industry, for example, at Salthill in Canterbury, recorded in c.1231 as La Salthelle, or at Seasalter, from OE sǣ-sealt-ærn ‘sea salt house’.[fn11] Saltworks were standard [pg337]fixtures along the historical North Kent Coast, with written evidence appearing in Anglo-Saxon charters, such as in a charter conferring the right to ‘sealterna steallas ðær bi uban in Blean uuidiung ðærto…’ [saltworks above it, and wood collecting in Blean for this] (Birch 1885: 344).
In tandem with the above salt names, the minor hill-names from Kent Sheet XXXV of the 6″ OS Maps attest to the early medieval social and economic landscape of Northern Kent. Another significant aspect of this economy was tile and ceramics production at important sites like Tyler Hill and other smaller localised areas of production. These industries benefited from their situation along the edges of the London clay formation, enabling pottery production at various points through time, particularly near hillside locations where deposits and outcroppings of clay are easily accessed. Apart from the significant pottery and tile production at Tyler Hill, other examples include both small and large-scale pottery production at Wraik Hill in the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age and again during the Late Iron Age (Allen 2009: 204; cotter 1991). Memories of these industries are preserved in the name Clay Hill and also at Clapham Hill, where on the 6″ OS Map, an old brickfield, brick kiln, and clay mill dating from the post-medieval period are labelled (SWAT 2019; see also Allen 2009).
Ethyn Maki
References
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[pg338]DKD = Parish, W.D. and Shaw, W.F., 1888, A Dictionary of the Kentish Dialect and Provincialisms in Use in the County of Kent, Farncombe & Co.
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Gelling, M., 1984, Place-names in the Landscape, Phoenix.
Gover, J.E.B., Bonner, A., Mawer, A., and Stenton, F.M., 1934, The Place-names of Surrey, Cambridge University Press.
Glover, J., 1986, The Place Names of Sussex, B.T. Batsford.
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PNK = Wallenberg, J.K., 1934, The Place-Names of Kent, Appelbergs boktryckeriaktiebolag. Public Records Office, 1810, Valor ecclesiasticus, temp. Henr. VIII. Auctoritate regia institutus, Vol 1, Printed by command of His Majesty ... in pursuance of an address of the House of commons of Great Britain.
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Endnotes
[fn]1|The pasture name Bull Hill is also recorded in the Seasalter Tithe Award Schedule.[/fn]
[fn]2|CCA-DCc-ChAnt/I/165.[/fn]
[fn]3|CCA-DCc-ChAnt/c/575 and CCA-DCc-ChAnt/c/68.[/fn]
[fn]4|C 143/206/11, CCA-DCc-ChAnt/S/295, and Hussey 1905: 227.[/fn]
[fn]5|In the catalogue description of Q/SO/E1/f.55, from the 1661 East Kent Order Book at the Kent History and Library Centre, a place named ‘Hang Hill’ is listed as being located along the highway from Whitstable to Canterbury. The former Hanginghill Wood was situated away from this [pg339]main road, whereas the nearby Honey Hill is located directly along this route. Thus, the problematic form Hang Hill can be explained as a misreading of Honey Hill and the source should be read as ‘A certaine place vocat Hunny[?] Hill’.[/fn]
[fn]6|CF. Honeypot Lane and Honey Lane, ‘[these are] common name[s] for a muddy way, found in Sr, Sx, K and M’, (Cameron 1996: 195; Gover et al. 1934: 326).[/fn]
[fn]7|In Kentish examples like Knockholt near Sevenoaks and Knockhall near Gravesend, ‘the N- has been carried over from the def. art. (oe þǣm > þen): æt þǣm ācholte’, (DEPN: 314).[/fn]
[fn]8|EK/U1276/B8/178.[/fn]
[fn]9|CCA-DCc/ChAnt/T/16.[/fn]
[fn]10|CCA-DCc-ChAnt/C/786.[/fn]
[fn]11|CCA-DCc/ChAnt/C/906 and see Urry 1949.[/fn]