and grit-stone and a piece of coloured wall-plaster, human ashes and bones and potsherds, one ornamented with ‘a scroll pattern in which the head of an animal formed the connecting links’ were found near the entrance; an urn with a bronze ear-ring in it was found whole.
   Two ft. to the north-west, a structure some 12 ft. by 11 ft., built in similar fashion, with a foundation 4 ft. by 3 ft. projecting from the south-west face, contained a stone coffin with an ansated label for an inscription. To the north-west of this tomb, and stretching out in a line, were two other graves, the first similarly built containing a stone coffin with a coped lid ‘covered with a coarse cement.’ The second cut in the chalk contained some hundred potsherds of all varieties, some of coarse red ‘clay mixed with broken oyster shells,’ and some of ‘unbaked clay, decorated with a running cord-like ornament pinched up with the fingers.’ Many nails, coins, a spur and a dagger were found in a ditch east of the building.
    The circular structure is a tomb in some ways resembling the cartwheel structure found at West Mersea; the account suggests that it had been disturbed and robbed at some early date. Or it is just possible that it was an ornamental structure, like the famous Igelsaüle near Trier, forming part of a cemetery though not actually covering the burial (cf. Germania, viii, 1924, 32 ff). The group should be compared with that found at Joy Wood, Lockham (see p. 158).
    There is no doubt that either a large house or a group of smaller houses existed here; the tombs of some of its owners suggest a large house. Much building debris, potsherds, bones, etc.; has been found in the fields to north-west and north of Lower Warbank, while an 18th-century writer records foundations, tiles, bricks and coins of the ‘lower empire’ ‘hereabouts,’ and a second burial-place with skeletons, Upchurch and Castor ware, flanged and ridged tiles, was recorded about half a mile eastwards beyond Keston Court about 1829.⁴²  The date of occupation is about the 3rd and 4th centuries, but the evidence is not satisfactory.
   34. LULLINGSTONE.—On the west side of the Darenth valley, 4 miles above the Darenth villa, part of a tessellated pavement was found in the 18th century in digging a hole for the park railings, near the park gate of Lullingstone Castle, on the Eynsford road, not far from the river, and 200 ft. above sea— level. A quarter of a mile away, at the north-east corner of the park, ‘Roman coins and instruments’ were dug up in the same century near the ruins of an old church on the river, and Roman tiles were noticed in the remains of its walls.⁴³   These remains do not seem to have since been further explored.
   35. LYMINGE.—Abundant traces of a Roman building have been noted here, partly foundations—including apses—under the church and in the churchyard immediately to the south of it, and partly Roman building material worked up into the walls of the church. The ground plan has been destroyed by later building and grave digging, and no smaller finds, pottery or brooches or the like, have been recorded. We can say only that the apses suggest the baths of a dwelling-house. There is no evidence whatever to support the ideas of local antiquaries, that the Roman structure was either the residence of ‘the Prefect of the Limenaean district ‘—in himself a monstrosity— or a Romano-British church or a Roman civil basilica. The earliest church, much of which survives, has been shown to be undoubtedly Saxon, belonging to a group known as the ‘St. Pancras type,’ which were founded in the 7th century as the direct outcome of the reintroduction of Christianity by Augustine. Most of them are built on Roman sites of Roman materials, and in the past have been designated Roman, whereas, in fact, though strongly influenced by Roman buildings, they form the earliest examples of English architecture.⁴⁴
   36. MARGATE.—In making a new road—Tivoli Park Avenue—in 1924, a house was destroyed or built over. Walls 3½ ft. thick of flints, of four different rooms, were observed by Dr. Arthur Rowe
   ⁴²  For the villa (by G. R. Corner), Arch. xxxvi, 120—8, with plans ; hence Proc. Soc. Ant.. 1st Ser. iii, 127. No. 3 is described by A. J. Kempe in Arch. xxii, 336 ff., with plan and fig.; hence fig. 28 and Gents. Mag. 1828, ii, 255—6; hence Dunkin Hist, of Dartford (1844), p. 96 and others. For the second burial-place, see Gents. Mag. 1829, i, 401, and for the 18th-century find, Hasted, Hist. of Kent 1 (1778), 111, hence Gough, Camden’s Britannia (1806), 1, 325 (though it is quoted to prove that the Holwood Hill camp was Roman, Hasted obviously refers to Warbank Field). The coffin with entablature in 1828 was at Wickham Court, but is now believed to have perished. The reported discovery in 1893 of an apse outside the entrance to the circular tomb appears to have been due to an attempt to prove it to be a temple or church, but an observer of the excavations shows that nothing of the sort was found, see The Athenaeum, 28 Oct. and i8 Nov. 1893. The name ‘Keston’ has sometimes been derived from ‘cyst’ and ‘stane,’ meaning stone coffin, but the late Mr. W. H. Stevenson, in a letter to the late Prof. Haverfield, held this to be incorrect; ‘cyst stone,’ he said, would have yielded ‘Cheston.’ For the West Mersea tomb and similar tombs, see A. W. Clapham, Arch Journ. lxxix (1922), 93ff.
   ⁴³  Thorpe, Custumale Roffense (Lond. 1788), 128; hence Gough in Camden Britannia (1806), i, 328.
   ⁴⁴  "C. R. Smith, Coll. Ant. v, 188, ff, with poor plan; R. C. Jenkins, Church of St. Mary in Lyminge (Folkestone, 1859, pp. 2, 45), and Arch,. Cant. ix, 205, x, p. ci, xviii, 46; brief notices in Gent. Mag. 1860, ii, 479, and 1866, i, 38, and in Brit. Arch. Assoc. Journ. xxxix, 419, and xl, 233. An early Saxon record mentions ironstone as worked here; whether this attracted the Romano-Briton we cannot tell. Boys (Sandwich, p. 869) notes a British ‘cavo-convex’ coin as found in this parish. For the church, see C. R. Peers in Arch. Journ. lviii, 403, 406, 419, 431.