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Of the thirteenth-century demesne fields, only four can
be readily identified in 1515. Of these, the Combe and Wickham remain
much the same, but North field and East field have been to a greater or
lesser extent split up. The entirely changed nomenclature of the other
fields cannot disguise the fact that some further splitting up has taken
place. Names of demesne fields sown with various crops in the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries are given, in the serjeants' accounts, and
some of these do not appear in either of the lists printed here.
From an inspection of all these sources, one must conclude that North
field, East field, the Combe and Wickham had a continued identity from
Edward I's day to that of Henry VIII, and that the field of 50-60
acres at Shoreham lasted through the fourteenth century, though all of
these were liable to a certain morcellation while retaining their names.
But the other parcels changed their names, and probably their
boundaries, much more freely. In addition, meadow land and park land
could in the later middle ages be cropped, while portions of supposedly
arable land seem to pass out of cultivation altogether.
It is hard to calculate the nominal size of the demesne in
1515, but it seems a little smaller than it had been in 1284. A very
different question is how much of the demesnes were actually laid under
crop during the period of the archbishop's demesne exploitation. The
situation is set out concisely in the Table. This shows that even in the
thirteenth |
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and
early fourteenth century a much smaller proportion of the demesne was
cultivated than can be accounted for by fallow, and that even this
amount contracts strikingly in the second quarter of the fourteenth
century. From the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the
fifteenth the contraction of the cropped area goes on, with ups and
downs in particular years. From 1419 onwards the serjeant even seems to
become self-conscious about the total area cropped, for he develops the
habit of comparing the current acreage with that of the previous year.
Parallel with the contraction of the cropped acreage went the reduction
in the number of full-time ploughmen employed by the lord. Domesday said
there were six ploughs on the demesne, and six famuli caruce we
find in the accounts until about 1393. Thereafter the number is four.
The Table also shows the relative importance of the
different crops. Wheat production was predominant, and of this a high
proportion was sold on the local market or delivered to the archbishop's
household. Production of oats declined steadily from 1418, but the
stability of spring barley cultivation is remarkable. The sowing of
legumes was of minor importance, and by 1432 had almost ceased. The
whole picture is one of an attenuated but viable economy lasting out the
near-century 1355 to 1444, and kept going more to supply the |