Bewsborough, each one. The only exceptions to the second statement are the 9 sokemen on the lands of the bishop of Bayeux in Langport and the possible sokeman in Somerden hundred also belonging to the bishop of Bayeux. Their holdings were as a rule, it will be noticed, small, mainly a jugum or small fraction thereof, and it is once recorded that the land was held sine aulis ez dominiis.⁸⁴  On the other hand, the ploughing capacity is usually recorded, so that some land at least was cultivated, and not used for pasture only.
   Free men and also thegns complete the enumeration of Domesday classes, together with the mention of a rusticus at St. Margaret’s,⁸⁵  with which should be mentioned the rustici of Lewisham.⁸⁶  The thegns are found in a few instances with small holdings; in Axton hundred, for example, at Otford ; ⁸⁷  and in Eastry hundred at Bedesham (Betteshanger), Chillenden, and Ham. The seven priests of Lympne belonging to. Aldington should also be mentioned.⁸⁸
   In conclusion, something must be said of the Kentish boroughs, which Dr. Ballard ⁸⁹  has already treated at some length. The words borough and burgensis, which may naturally be taken to indicate the existence of a borough, occur in connection with the following places : Canterbury, Dover, Rochester, Romney, Sandwich, Hythe, Fordwich, and Seasalter. To Canterbury and Rochester the word civitas is usually applied. Of these boroughs, Dover, Canterbury, and Rochester fall into the grouping of so—called ‘county boroughs’ ascribed by Domesday to no lordship, and marked by one or more of certain general characteristics which, as enumerated by Dr. Ballard, were : the placing of the description ‘above the line’ in Domesday, that is to say before the terra Regis, the payment in the time of King Edward of the third penny to the earl, and lastly, ‘tenurial heterogeneity,’⁹⁰  that is to say the presence in the town of many houses held by lords of rural manors and rated with those rural manors, as ‘pertaining’ to them. It will be remembered that the suggestion is usually made that these contributory tenements were responsible for the wall work and bridge work owed by the lord of the rural manor. Boroughs of other classes were also found in Kent: Sandwich, Romney, Hythe, and Fordwich, falling into Dr. Ballard’s classification of ‘quasi county boroughs,’those included, that is to say, in the lands and tenements of a great lordship, but distinguished by some one or more of the marks of county boroughs, for example, tenurial heterogeneity in Romney, Sandwich, and Hythe, and the third penny to the earl in the time of King Edward in Fordwich. Still a third class, that of the ‘simple boroughs,’ those classified amongst the possessions of the lordship with no mark of the county boroughs is represented by the little borough of Seasalter. Dover stands at the head of the Domesday Survey. It is called a royal borough in the ‘Excerpts.’⁹¹  It paid its third penny to Earl Godwin. No contributory properties belonging to outlying manors are recorded in the description of it. It owed very interesting and important ship service to the king, in return for
   ⁸⁴  See p. 239a.          ⁸⁵  See p. 207b.         ⁸⁶  See p. 246b.
   ⁸⁷  See pp. 210a, 240a and b, 241a. Otford later in Codsheath Hundred, the heading of the hundred may be accidentally omitted in Domesday.
   ⁸⁸  See p. 213a.                                                                   ⁸⁹  Domesday Boroughs, p. 4 et seq.
   ⁹⁰  Maitland, Dom. Book, and Beyond, 178 et seq.      ⁹¹  Cf. Ballard, op. cit. iv, 23.